Issues that need to be decentralized and authorized by the People’s Committee of Ho Chi Minh City to the People’s Committee of Thu Duc City

In an increasingly complex urban development context, effective management and meeting residents' needs requires smartdecentralization and authorization between management levels. Topic about Ho Chi Minh City People’s Committee and Chairman of HoChi Minh City People’s Committee decentralizing and authorizing Thu Duc City People’s Committee and Chairman of City People'sCommittee

Organization and operation of public service organizations in centrally run cities

This essay focuses on researching the organization and operations of public service organizations in centrally run cities. To serve thecommunity and ensure convenience for the people, these organizations have become an important pillar in the public administration system.We explore how public service organizations are organized, managed, and deliver public services according to the law

Organization and activities of public service organizations in centralized cities in the world and application in Vietnam

This essay focuses on researching the organization and operations of public service organizations in centrally run cities. To serve thecommunity and ensure convenience for the people, these organizations have become an important pillar in the public administration system. We explore how public service organizations are organized, managed, and deliver public services according to the law

Real-world Effectiveness and Tolerability of Interferon-free Direct-acting Antiviral for 15,849 Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C: A Multinational Cohort Study

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: As practice patterns and hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes (GT) vary geographically, a global real-world study from both East and West covering all GTs can help inform practice policy toward the 2030 HCV elimination goal. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness and tolerability of DAA treatment in routine clinical practice in a multinational cohort for patients infected with all HCV GTs, focusing on GT3 and GT6. METHODS: We analyzed the sustained virological response (SVR12) of 15,849 chronic hepatitis C patients from 39 Real-World Evidence from the Asia Liver Consortium for HCV clinical sites in Asia Pacific, North America, and Europe between 07/01/2014-07/01/2021. RESULTS: The mean age was 62±13 years, with 49.6% male. The demographic breakdown was 91.1% Asian (52.9% Japanese, 25.7% Chinese/Taiwanese, 5.4% Korean, 3.3% Malaysian, and 2.9% Vietnamese), 6.4% White, 1.3% Hispanic/Latino, and 1% Black/African-American. Additionally, 34.8% had cirrhosis, 8.6% had hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and 24.9% were treatment-experienced (20.7% with interferon, 4.3% with direct-acting antivirals). The largest group was GT1 (10,246 [64.6%]), followed by GT2 (3,686 [23.2%]), GT3 (1,151 [7.2%]), GT6 (457 [2.8%]), GT4 (47 [0.3%]), GT5 (1 [0.006%]), and untyped GTs (261 [1.6%]). The overall SVR12 was 96.9%, with rates over 95% for GT1/2/3/6 but 91.5% for GT4. SVR12 for GT3 was 95.1% overall, 98.2% for GT3a, and 94.0% for GT3b. SVR12 was 98.3% overall for GT6, lower for patients with cirrhosis and treatment-experienced (TE) (93.8%) but ≥97.5% for treatment-naive patients regardless of cirrhosis status. On multivariable analysis, advanced age, prior treatment failure, cirrhosis, active HCC, and GT3/4 were independent predictors of lower SVR12, while being Asian was a significant predictor of achieving SVR12. CONCLUSIONS: In this diverse multinational real-world cohort of patients with various GTs, the overall cure rate was 96.9%, despite large numbers of patients with cirrhosis, HCC, TE, and GT3/6. SVR12 for GT3/6 with cirrhosis and TE was lower but still excellent (\u3e91%)

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Ho Chi Minh’s thought on cadre work and its application in building cadres in Vietnam today

Ho Chi Minh’s thought on cadre work in order to build a contingent of cadres who are both professional and capable, capable of leading, able to organize the masses to perform well the revolutionary task of our country. selected target. He said: “Officers are the root of all work”; “All success or failure is due to good or bad cadres”. In the work “Modifying the way of working”. He wrote: “Civil servants are those who explain the policies of the Party and the Government to the people to understand and implement them. At the same time, bring the situation of the people to report to the Party, to the Government to understand clearly, to set the right policy. Therefore, cadres are the root of all work”. Thus, the Party’s cadre work is decisive for the success or failure of the Vietnamese revolution. In his speeches or articles about the Party’s cadres and cadres, President Ho Chi Minh often cares about very core and principled and very comprehensive issues such as: Selection, training - training , assessment, use arrangement, management and staff policies. The article uses the document retrospective method to review, interpret, and systematize as well as analyze documents on Ho Chi Minh’s thought on cadre work. From there, it is applied in building a contingent of cadres in Vietnam in the current new situation

Fabrication and characteristics of Zn1–xSnxO nanorod/ITO composite photocatalytic films

Zn _1−x Sn _x O NRs/ITO composite photocatalytic films were fabricated by the hydrothermal method. A concentration of Sn dopant in Zn _1−x Sn _x O nanorods (NRs) was varied from 0% to 7%. The structural and surface morphology characteristics of Zn _1−x Sn _x O NRs/ITO composite photocatalytic films were investigated by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. In addition, photocatalytic properties of synthesized materials were evaluated by degradation rates of Rhodamine-B aqueous solutions under UV light irradiation. The SEM results indicated that, with an increasing concentration of Sn dopant in Zn _1−x Sn _x O NRs/ITO, the effective surface areas were declined by an exponential decay function and the reduction was negligible as the Sn doping concentration was higher than 3%. With the similarity in effective surface area, the contribution of Sn in the enhancement of the photocatalytic activity of Zn _0.93 Sn _0.07 O NRs/ITO is clearly observed with 41% improvement in comparison to ZnO NRs/ITO

Development of Itraconazole-Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticle Dermal Gel for Enhanced Antifungal Efficacy

Fungal infection of the skin is one of the most common dermatological diseases in the world. Gel formulations are among the most suitable dosage forms for topical use to treat cutaneous infection. Nanotechnology is a promising approach to penetrate the deeper skin layers and enhance permeability of itraconazole (ITZ) through the stratum corneum. ITZ-loaded nanoparticles (ITZ NPs) were fabricated using the evaporation emulsion method, followed by incorporation of NPs into gel using Carbopol 934 as the gel-forming excipient. The physical properties, in vitro release, ex vivo permeation studies, and antifungal activity of ITZ NP gel were characterized. ITZ NPs were almost spherical in shape with colloidal sizes in the range of 200 nm. The drug encapsulation efficiency was 98.79±1.24%. ITZ NP gel demonstrated a sustained ex vivo permeation of ITZ over 24 h through excised rat skin and a higher drug penetrating capacity than that of a gel containing ITZ-saturated suspension. The in vitro antifungal activity of the ITZ-loaded NP incorporated gel was better than that of ITZ dispersion. Incorporation of the ITZ-loaded nanosystem into gel has the potential to enhance antifungal activity through transdermal drug delivery

Multiplex RT Real-Time PCR Based on Target Failure to Detect and Identify Different Variants of SARS-CoV-2: A Feasible Method That Can Be Applied in Clinical Laboratories

Shortly after its emergence, Omicron and its sub-variants have quickly replaced the Delta variant during the current COVID-19 outbreaks in Vietnam and around the world. To enable the rapid and timely detection of existing and future variants for epidemiological surveillance and diagnostic applications, a robust, economical real-time PCR method that can specifically and sensitively detect and identify multiple different circulating variants is needed. The principle of target- failure (TF) real-time PCR is simple. If a target contains a deletion mutation, then there is a mismatch with the primer or probe, and the real-time PCR will fail to amplify the target. In this study, we designed and evaluated a novel multiplex RT real-time PCR (MPL RT-rPCR) based on the principle of target failure to detect and identify different variants of SARS-CoV-2 directly from the nasopharyngeal swabs collected from COVID-19 suspected cases. The primers and probes were designed based on the specific deletion mutations of current circulating variants. To evaluate the results from the MPL RT-rPCR, this study also designed nine pairs of primers for amplifying and sequencing of nine fragments from the S gene containing mutations of known variants. We demonstrated that (i) our MPL RT-rPCR was able to accurately detect multiple variants that existed in a single sample; (ii) the limit of detection of the MPL RT-rPCR in the detection of the variants ranged from 1 to 10 copies for Omicron BA.2 and BA.5, and from 10 to 100 copies for Delta, Omicron BA.1, recombination of BA.1 and BA.2, and BA.4; (iii) between January and September 2022, Omicron BA.1 emerged and co-existed with the Delta variant during the early period, both of which were rapidly replaced by Omicron BA.2, and this was followed by Omicron BA.5 as the dominant variant toward the later period. Our results showed that SARS-CoV-2 variants rapidly evolved within a short period of time, proving the importance of a robust, economical, and easy-to-access method not just for epidemiological surveillance but also for diagnoses around the world where SARS-CoV-2 variants remain the WHO’s highest health concern. Our highly sensitive and specific MPL RT-rPCR is considered suitable for further implementation in many laboratories, especially in developing countries