Evaluation of the effectiveness of the interval computation method to simulate the dynamic behavior of subdefinite system: application on an active suspension system

International audienceA new design approach based on methods by intervals adapted to the integration of the simulation step at the earliest stage of preliminary design for dynamic systems is proposed in this study. The main idea consists on using the interval computation method to make a simulation by intervals in order to minimize the number of simulations which allow obtaining a set of solutions instead of a single one. These intervals represent the domains of possible values for the design parameters of the subdefinite system. So the parameterized model of the system is solved by interval. This avoids launching n simulations with n values for each design parameter. The proposed method is evaluated by several tests on a scalable numerical example. It has been applied to solve parameterized differential equations of a Macpher-son suspension system and to study its dynamic behavior in its passive and active form. The dynamic model of the active suspension is nonlinear but linearisable. It is transformed into a parameterized state equation by intervals. The solution to this state equation is given in the form of a matrix exponential. Three digital implementations of exponential have been tested to obtain convergent results. Simulations results are presented and discussed

Contribution à la prise en compte d'exigences dynamiques en conception préliminaire de systèmes complexes

Cette thèse traite de problématique de dimensionnement d'un système technique complexe. L'objectif est de proposer et d'outiller un processus de conception selon lequel le dimensionnement statique de l'architecture initiale d'un système satisfait dès le début les exigences statiques et dynamiques sans nécessité de redimensionnement. Ainsi, nous avons proposé une nouvelle démarche de conception dans laquelle la prise en compte des exigences statiques et dynamiques est effectuée de maniéré simultanée et globale dans la phase de conception préliminaire. Cette démarche se base sur les exigences pour déterminer les solutions admissibles et utilise des méthodes de résolution ensemblistes telles que la méthode de calcul par intervalle et la méthode de propagation par contraintes. En effet, les variables de conception sont exprimées par intervalles et les exigences statiques et dynamiques sont implémentées dans un même modèle NCSP. Les exigences dynamiques sont plus difficiles à intégrer. Il s'agit des exigences fonctionnelles du système, de la résonance et des critères de stabilité, de commandabilité et de transmittance. Dans un premier temps, nous avons réussi à intégrer le comportement dynamique d'un système technique sous forme d'équation différentielle ordinaire par intervalles et dans un deuxième temps, nous avons traduit les exigences dynamiques sous forme de contraintes algébriques définies par un ensemble d'équations et inéquations. La solution générée représente les valeurs admissibles des variables de conception satisfaisant simultanément les exigences statiques et dynamiques imposées. Ce couplage entre le dimensionnement statique et dynamique dans l'approche de conception proposée permet d'éviter le sur-dimensionnement puisque les exigences dynamiques interviennent dans le choix des coefficients de sécurité, et d'éviter les boucles de redimensionnement en cas d'échec ce qui permet de gagner en temps de calcul et de réduire le coût de conception. La démarche de conception proposée est validée par application sur le cas de dimensionnement d'un système de suspension active MacPherson.This thesis deals with design problems of a complex technical system. The objective is to find a design process which the static design of the initial architecture of a system meets from the first static and dynamic requirements with no need to resize it. Thus, we propose a new design approach which the consideration of static and dynamic requirements is done simultaneously and globally in the preliminary design phase. This approach is based on the requirements to determine admissible solutions and uses set-based methods such as interval computation and constraint propagation. Indeed, the design variables are expressed by intervals and the static and dynamic requirements are implemented in a NCSP model. The dynamic requirements are more difficult to integrate. They represent the functional requirements of the system, the resonance and stability criteria, controllability and transmittance. On the one hand, we succeed to integrate the dynamic behavior of a technical system in the form of ordinary differential equation by intervals. On the other hand, we formalize the dynamic requirements in the form of algebraic constraints defined by a set of equations and inequalities. The generated solution is the set of acceptable values of design variables satisfying simultaneously static and dynamic requirements. This coupling between the static and dynamic sizing steps in the proposed design approach avoids over- sizing of the system as the dynamic requirements involved in the choice of safety factors. Il also avoid resizing loops in case of failure, which saves significant computation time and reduce the cost of design. The proposed design approach is applied on the sizing of a MacPherson active suspension system.CHATENAY MALABRY-Ecole centrale (920192301) / SudocSudocFranceF

Catalytic pyrolysis of date palm seeds on HZSM-5 and dolomite in a pyroprobe reactor in line with GC/MS

Catalytic pyrolysis of date palm seeds (DPS) has been carried out in a pyroprobe connected online with a GC/MS. The effect of a HZSM-5 zeolite on the product distribution has been studied at 450 and 500 °C by using different catalyst/biomass mass ratios (1, 2, 5) and that of a dolomite catalyst at 450 °C using a catalyst/biomass mass ratio of one. Product distributions have been monitored and their trends explained based on the properties of the catalysts used. The HZSM-5 promotes the formation of incondensable gases and aromatic hydrocarbons due to its high acidity and shape selectivity. The concentrations of incondensable gases and hydrocarbons increase markedly with the catalyst/biomass mass ratio, with their peak area percentages ranging from 23.6 to 54.1% and from 7.1 to 24.5%, respectively. At the same time, a significative reduction in the amount of acids, ketones, phenols, furans, and anhydrosugars has been determined. The dolomite catalyst enhances ketonization reactions, which leads to a significant increase in the content of ketones, accounting for a value of around 27%.The authors gratefully acknowledge the Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (MESRST), the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2019-107357RB-I00) (AEI/FEDER, UE), and the Basque Government (KK-2020/00107) for their financial support.Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 823745

Numerical modeling of shape memory alloy problem in presence of perturbation: application to Cu-Al-Zn-Mn specimen

This paper proposes a methodology for taking into consideration uncertainties based on polynomial chaos (PC). The proposed approach is used in order to determine the response of Cu-Al-Zn-Mn shape memory alloy specimen with uncertainties associated to material parameters. The simulation results are obtained by PC method. The proposed method seems to be an efficient probabilistic tool. It is worth mentioning that PC approach is an interesting alternative for the parametric studies. This technique is more efficient compared to MC approach

Optimisation fiabiliste d’une structure en alliage à mémoire de forme

L’objectif de l’optimisation fiabiliste (RBDO) est de trouver le meilleur compromis entre la sécurité et le coût. Plusieurs méthodes, telles que la méthode hybride (HM) et la méthode des facteurs optimaux de sûreté (OSF), sont développées pour atteindre cet objectif. Ces méthodes ont été appliquées uniquement pour les matériaux usuels. Néanmoins, le progrès effectué dans le domaine de l’élaboration de matériaux a conduit à l’utilisation des matériaux “intelligents” tel qua l’alliage à mémoire de forme (SMA). Dans ce papier, nous proposons une extension de ces méthodes dans le cas des structures formées en SMA pour étudier l’efficacité des méthodes proposées

Diurnal Variation of Short-Term Repetitive Maximal Performance and Psychological Variables in Elite Judo Athletes

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of time of day on short-term repetitive maximal performance and psychological variables in elite judo athletes.Methods: Fourteen Tunisian elite male judokas (age: 21 ± 1 years, height:172 ± 7 cm, body-mass: 70.0 ± 8.1 kg) performed a repeated shuttle sprint and jump ability (RSSJA) test (6 m × 2 m × 12.5 m every 25-s incorporating one countermovement jump (CMJ) between sprints) in the morning (7:00 a.m.) and afternoon (5:00 p.m.). Psychological variables (Profile of mood states (POMS-f) and Hooper questionnaires) were assessed before and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) immediately after the RSSJA.Results: Sprint times (p > 0.05) of the six repetition, fatigue index of sprints (p > 0.05) as well as mean (p > 0.05) jump height and fatigue index (p > 0.05) of CMJ did not differ between morning and afternoon. No differences were observed between the two times-of-day for anxiety, anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, interpersonal relationship, sleep, and muscle soreness (p > 0.05). Jump height in CMJ 3 and 4 (p < 0.05) and RPE (p < 0.05) and vigor (p < 0.01) scores were higher in the afternoon compared to the morning. Stress was higher in the morning compared to the afternoon (p < 0.01).Conclusion: In contrast to previous research, repeated sprint running performance and mood states of the tested elite athletes showed no-strong dependency of time-of-day of testing. A possible explanation can be the habituation of the judo athletes to work out early in the morning

Integrating anaerobic digestion and pyrolysis for treating digestates derived from sewage sludge and fat wastes

P. 32603-32614The coupling of biological and thermal technologies allows for the complete conversion of wastes into energy and biochar eliminating the problem of sludge disposal. The valorisation of fatty residues as co-substrate in a mesophilic digester of a wastewater treatment plant was studied considering an integrated approach of co-digestion and pyrolysis. Four digested samples obtained from co-digestion of sewage sludge and butcher’s fat waste were studied by thermogravimetric analysis. The activation energy corresponding to the sludge pyrolysis was calculated by a non-isothermal kinetic. Arrhenius activation energy was lower for the pyrolysis of a digested grease sample (92 kJ mol−1 obtained by OFW and 86 kJ mol−1 obtained by Vyazovkin) than for the pyrolysis of sewage sludge and its blends (164–190 kJ mol−1 obtained by OFW and 162–190 kJ mol−1 obtained by Vyazovkin). The analysis of the integrated approach of anaerobic co-digestion and pyrolysis of digestates demonstrated that the addition of 3% (w/v) of fat to the feeding sludge results in a 25% increase in the electricity obtained from biogas (if a combined heat and power unit is considered for biogas valorisation) and increasing the fat content to 15% allows for covering all thermal needs for drying of digestate and more than doubles (2.4 times) the electricity production when the scenario of digestion and pyrolysis is contemplated.S

Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Understanding the health consequences associated with exposure to risk factors is necessary to inform public health policy and practice. To systematically quantify the contributions of risk factor exposures to specific health outcomes, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 aims to provide comprehensive estimates of exposure levels, relative health risks, and attributable burden of disease for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Methods: The GBD 2021 risk factor analysis used data from 54 561 total distinct sources to produce epidemiological estimates for 88 risk factors and their associated health outcomes for a total of 631 risk–outcome pairs. Pairs were included on the basis of data-driven determination of a risk–outcome association. Age-sex-location-year-specific estimates were generated at global, regional, and national levels. Our approach followed the comparative risk assessment framework predicated on a causal web of hierarchically organised, potentially combinative, modifiable risks. Relative risks (RRs) of a given outcome occurring as a function of risk factor exposure were estimated separately for each risk–outcome pair, and summary exposure values (SEVs), representing risk-weighted exposure prevalence, and theoretical minimum risk exposure levels (TMRELs) were estimated for each risk factor. These estimates were used to calculate the population attributable fraction (PAF; ie, the proportional change in health risk that would occur if exposure to a risk factor were reduced to the TMREL). The product of PAFs and disease burden associated with a given outcome, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), yielded measures of attributable burden (ie, the proportion of total disease burden attributable to a particular risk factor or combination of risk factors). Adjustments for mediation were applied to account for relationships involving risk factors that act indirectly on outcomes via intermediate risks. Attributable burden estimates were stratified by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile and presented as counts, age-standardised rates, and rankings. To complement estimates of RR and attributable burden, newly developed burden of proof risk function (BPRF) methods were applied to yield supplementary, conservative interpretations of risk–outcome associations based on the consistency of underlying evidence, accounting for unexplained heterogeneity between input data from different studies. Estimates reported represent the mean value across 500 draws from the estimate's distribution, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) calculated as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile values across the draws. Findings: Among the specific risk factors analysed for this study, particulate matter air pollution was the leading contributor to the global disease burden in 2021, contributing 8·0% (95% UI 6·7–9·4) of total DALYs, followed by high systolic blood pressure (SBP; 7·8% [6·4–9·2]), smoking (5·7% [4·7–6·8]), low birthweight and short gestation (5·6% [4·8–6·3]), and high fasting plasma glucose (FPG; 5·4% [4·8–6·0]). For younger demographics (ie, those aged 0–4 years and 5–14 years), risks such as low birthweight and short gestation and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing (WaSH) were among the leading risk factors, while for older age groups, metabolic risks such as high SBP, high body-mass index (BMI), high FPG, and high LDL cholesterol had a greater impact. From 2000 to 2021, there was an observable shift in global health challenges, marked by a decline in the number of all-age DALYs broadly attributable to behavioural risks (decrease of 20·7% [13·9–27·7]) and environmental and occupational risks (decrease of 22·0% [15·5–28·8]), coupled with a 49·4% (42·3–56·9) increase in DALYs attributable to metabolic risks, all reflecting ageing populations and changing lifestyles on a global scale. Age-standardised global DALY rates attributable to high BMI and high FPG rose considerably (15·7% [9·9–21·7] for high BMI and 7·9% [3·3–12·9] for high FPG) over this period, with exposure to these risks increasing annually at rates of 1·8% (1·6–1·9) for high BMI and 1·3% (1·1–1·5) for high FPG. By contrast, the global risk-attributable burden and exposure to many other risk factors declined, notably for risks such as child growth failure and unsafe water source, with age-standardised attributable DALYs decreasing by 71·5% (64·4–78·8) for child growth failure and 66·3% (60·2–72·0) for unsafe water source. We separated risk factors into three groups according to trajectory over time: those with a decreasing attributable burden, due largely to declining risk exposure (eg, diet high in trans-fat and household air pollution) but also to proportionally smaller child and youth populations (eg, child and maternal malnutrition); those for which the burden increased moderately in spite of declining risk exposure, due largely to population ageing (eg, smoking); and those for which the burden increased considerably due to both increasing risk exposure and population ageing (eg, ambient particulate matter air pollution, high BMI, high FPG, and high SBP). Interpretation: Substantial progress has been made in reducing the global disease burden attributable to a range of risk factors, particularly those related to maternal and child health, WaSH, and household air pollution. Maintaining efforts to minimise the impact of these risk factors, especially in low SDI locations, is necessary to sustain progress. Successes in moderating the smoking-related burden by reducing risk exposure highlight the need to advance policies that reduce exposure to other leading risk factors such as ambient particulate matter air pollution and high SBP. Troubling increases in high FPG, high BMI, and other risk factors related to obesity and metabolic syndrome indicate an urgent need to identify and implement interventions

Contribution in the consideration of dynamic requirements in the preliminary design of complex systems

Cette thèse traite de problématique de dimensionnement d'un système technique complexe. L'objectif est de proposer et d'outiller un processus de conception selon lequel le dimensionnement statique de l'architecture initiale d'un système satisfait dès le début les exigences statiques et dynamiques sans nécessité de redimensionnement. Ainsi, nous avons proposé une nouvelle démarche de conception dans laquelle la prise en compte des exigences statiques et dynamiques est effectuée de maniéré simultanée et globale dans la phase de conception préliminaire. Cette démarche se base sur les exigences pour déterminer les solutions admissibles et utilise des méthodes de résolution ensemblistes telles que la méthode de calcul par intervalle et la méthode de propagation par contraintes. En effet, les variables de conception sont exprimées par intervalles et les exigences statiques et dynamiques sont implémentées dans un même modèle NCSP. Les exigences dynamiques sont plus difficiles à intégrer. Il s'agit des exigences fonctionnelles du système, de la résonance et des critères de stabilité, de commandabilité et de transmittance. Dans un premier temps, nous avons réussi à intégrer le comportement dynamique d'un système technique sous forme d'équation différentielle ordinaire par intervalles et dans un deuxième temps, nous avons traduit les exigences dynamiques sous forme de contraintes algébriques définies par un ensemble d'équations et inéquations. La solution générée représente les valeurs admissibles des variables de conception satisfaisant simultanément les exigences statiques et dynamiques imposées. Ce couplage entre le dimensionnement statique et dynamique dans l'approche de conception proposée permet d'éviter le sur-dimensionnement puisque les exigences dynamiques interviennent dans le choix des coefficients de sécurité, et d'éviter les boucles de redimensionnement en cas d'échec ce qui permet de gagner en temps de calcul et de réduire le coût de conception. La démarche de conception proposée est validée par application sur le cas de dimensionnement d'un système de suspension active MacPherson.This thesis deals with design problems of a complex technical system. The objective is to find a design process which the static design of the initial architecture of a system meets from the first static and dynamic requirements with no need to resize it. Thus, we propose a new design approach which the consideration of static and dynamic requirements is done simultaneously and globally in the preliminary design phase. This approach is based on the requirements to determine admissible solutions and uses set-based methods such as interval computation and constraint propagation. Indeed, the design variables are expressed by intervals and the static and dynamic requirements are implemented in a NCSP model. The dynamic requirements are more difficult to integrate. They represent the functional requirements of the system, the resonance and stability criteria, controllability and transmittance. On the one hand, we succeed to integrate the dynamic behavior of a technical system in the form of ordinary differential equation by intervals. On the other hand, we formalize the dynamic requirements in the form of algebraic constraints defined by a set of equations and inequalities. The generated solution is the set of acceptable values of design variables satisfying simultaneously static and dynamic requirements. This coupling between the static and dynamic sizing steps in the proposed design approach avoids over- sizing of the system as the dynamic requirements involved in the choice of safety factors. Il also avoid resizing loops in case of failure, which saves significant computation time and reduce the cost of design. The proposed design approach is applied on the sizing of a MacPherson active suspension system