31 research outputs found

    Simple things matter! : how reassurance and pain management strategies can improve outcomes in physiotherapy : a case report

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    Abstract : Psychological barriers to rehabilitation are generally seen as preexisting patient traits that clinicians are asked to evaluate and modify. In the present case report, we provide evidence that these barriers can also be involuntarily created or perpetuated by the clinician himself when too much attention is placed on physical abnormalities. Without discarding the need to treat the presumed biological source of pain, these observations remind rehabilitation professionals about the importance of displaying a confident and reassuring attitude towards pain patients in order to reduce anxiety, promote physical activity and reinforce self-management strategies

    Aging Independently of the Hormonal Status Changes Pain Responses in Young Postmenopausal Women

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    Both aging and hormonal status have an effect on pain perception. The goal of this study was to isolate as much as possible the effect of aging in postmenopausal women. Thirty-two women with regular menstrual cycles (RMW) and 18 postmenopausal women (PMW) underwent a 2-minute cold pressor test (CPT) to activate DNIC with a series of tonic heat pain stimulations with a contact thermode to assess ascending pain pathways. We found that this procedure induced much less pain during the first 15 seconds of stimulation the PMW group (P = 0.03), while the mean thermode pain ratings, pain tolerance, pain threshold, and DNIC analgesia were similar for both groups (P > 0.05). The absence of the peak pain in the PMW was probably due to reduced function of the myelinated Aή fibers that naturally occurs with age

    Le rĂŽle des hormones sexuelles dans la douleur chez des femmes saines

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    La littĂ©rature scientifique dĂ©montre clairement que les femmes perçoivent davantage de douleur que les hommes que la douleur soit clinique ou expĂ©rimentale. De plus, les femmes diffĂšrent des hommes quant aux rĂ©actions autonomiques Ă  la douleur. Cependant, les mĂ©canismes exacts engendrant ces diffĂ©rences restent mĂ©connus. Plusieurs mĂ©canismes peuvent expliquer ces diffĂ©rences, mais ce sont les hormones sexuelles (HS), qui selon plusieurs auteurs, joueraient un rĂŽle de premier plan. L'objectif principal de ce projet Ă©tait donc de vĂ©rifier si les HS affectent la perception de la douleur expĂ©rimentale (mĂ©canismes excitateurs) et les mĂ©canismes endogĂšnes de contrĂŽles de la douleur (les contrĂŽles inhibiteurs diffus nociceptifs - CIDN) chez des femmes saines. Dans un deuxiĂšme temps, nous voulions Ă©galement dĂ©terminer si la rĂ©activitĂ© du systĂšme nerveux autonome Ă  la douleur est influencĂ©e par les HS. MĂ©thodologie. 32 femmes ayant un cycle menstruel rĂ©gulier (RMW) ont Ă©tĂ© rencontrĂ©es Ă  trois reprises au cours de leur cycle menstruel (CM), soit entre les jours 1-3, les jours 12-14 et les jours 19-23. Aussi, 20 femmes mĂ©nopausĂ©es (PMW) ont Ă©tĂ© rencontrĂ©es Ă  une fois. À chaque rencontre, celles-ci ont reçu les mĂȘmes procĂ©dures douloureuses qui consistaient en deux applications d'une douleur thermique (thermode) Ă  l'avant-bras durant deux minutes (Ă  une tempĂ©rature engendrant une douleur de 50/100), sĂ©parĂ©es par une immersion douloureuse du bras opposĂ© dans l'eau froide (12[degrĂ©s]C). Le test d'immersion nous a permis de dĂ©clencher les CIDN (mĂ©canisme analgĂ©sique endogĂšne) et de mesurer la perception d'un diffĂ©rent type de douleur tonique. La perception de la douleur a Ă©tĂ© mesurĂ©e avec une Ă©chelle visuelle analogue afin de mesurer les seuils de douleur et de tolĂ©rance, et la [sic] l'intensitĂ© moyenne de la douleur. L'efficacitĂ© analgĂ©sique des CIDN a Ă©tĂ© quantifiĂ©e en calculant la diffĂ©rence entre la douleur thermique avant et aprĂšs l'immersion. Les niveaux plasmatiques d'HS ont Ă©tĂ© obtenus lors de chaque visite. Un Ă©lectrocardiogramme nous a permis d'obtenir la frĂ©quence cardiaque pendant le test d'immersion oĂč nous avons mesurĂ© la rĂ©activitĂ© autonomique par le biais de l'analyse de la variabilitĂ© cardiaque. RĂ©sultats. Aucune diffĂ©rence ne fut observĂ©e pour les seuils de douleur et de tolĂ©rance ainsi que pour la perception de la douleur durant le test d'immersion et le test de douleur thermique lors des trois visites (p>0.05). Cependant, nous avons observĂ© que l'efficacitĂ© analgĂ©sique des CIDN (analgĂ©sie endogĂšne) Ă©tait significativement plus forte lors de la phase ovulatoire, comparativement aux phases menstruelle et lutĂ©ale (p=0.04). Chez les PMW, l'efficacitĂ© des CIDN est comparable aux RMW durant leur phase menstruelle, mais le pic de douleur normalement observĂ© durant le test de la thermode Ă©tait absent. Finalement, nous n'avons pas observĂ© de diffĂ©rence dans la rĂ©activitĂ© autonomique Ă  la douleur au cours des trois phases du cycle menstruel. Conclusion. Les rĂ©sultats dĂ©montrent donc une implication certaine des HS (via le CM) dans la perception de la douleur, mais seulement au niveau des mĂ©canismes inhibiteurs de la douleur (CIDN), ce qu'aucune Ă©tude n'avait examinĂ© auparavant. Cette modulation de l'efficacitĂ© des CIDN au cours du cycle menstruel pourrait donc fournir une explication partielle des diffĂ©rences hommes/femmes dans la douleur. Finalement, nous avons notĂ© que le CM ne semble pas affecter les mĂ©canismes excitateurs de douleur ainsi que la rĂ©activitĂ© autonomique Ă  la douleur

    L'utilisation de la fréquence cardiaque dans l'évaluation de la douleur chez des personnes saines et lombalgiques

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    Parmi les problĂšmes douloureux, la lombalgie est la 2e cause motivant les gens Ă  consulter un professionnel de la santĂ© et reprĂ©sente donc une problĂ©matique importante en rĂ©adaptation. L'Ă©valuation de la douleur associĂ©e Ă  la lombalgie nĂ©cessite une attention particuliĂšre. Comme la douleur est subjective, certains cliniciens utilisent la frĂ©quence cardiaque (FC) comme mesure objective connexe de la douleur. Cette utilisation est basĂ©e sur la prĂ©misse qu'au fur et Ă  mesure qu'un patient rapporte de plus en plus de douleur, sa FC devrait augmenter. Lors de notre Ă©tude prĂ©liminaire, nous avons dĂ©montrĂ© l'existence d'un lien entre la douleur de type expĂ©rimentale et la FC. Cependant, nous avons identifiĂ© des diffĂ©rences importantes entre les hommes et les femmes: seules les donnĂ©es des hommes prĂ©sentent une bonne corrĂ©lation entre l'intensitĂ© de la douleur et la FC. La pertinence de cette Ă©tude dĂ©coule du fait que la FC est prĂ©sentement utilisĂ© en clinique mĂȘme si elle ne consiste pas nĂ©cessairement en une mĂ©thode objective. De plus, la littĂ©rature ne supporte pas entiĂšrement son utilisation clinique car peu d'Ă©tudes appuient le lien entre la douleur et la FC. L'objectif principal de cette Ă©tude est donc d'Ă©tudier la rĂ©ponse cardiaque Ă  la douleur clinique et Ă©galement Ă  la douleur expĂ©rimentale chez une population de lombalgiques en utilisant un modĂšle intra-sujets. De plus, nous voulons examiner la corrĂ©lation entre les rĂ©ponses physiologiques Ă  la douleur clinique et Ă  la douleur expĂ©rimentale chez ces mĂȘmes sujets. Une brĂšve douleur clinique produit une augmentation significative de la FC, ce qui est comparable aux rĂ©sultats obtenus lors de notre projet pilote en utilisant une douleur expĂ©rimentale tonique. Toutefois, les diffĂ©rences observĂ©es au niveau des rĂ©ponses physiologiques Ă  la douleur entre les hommes et les femmes incitent Ă  la prudence lors de l'interprĂ©tation des rĂ©sultats en clinique. L'utilisation actuelle de la FC comme mesure accessoire de la douleur en clinique semble seulement ĂȘtre plus pertinente chez les hommes."--rĂ©sumĂ© abrĂ©gĂ© par UMI

    The effect of conditioning stimulus intensity on conditioned pain modulation (CPM) hypoalgesia

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    Contexte: L’ampleur et la durĂ©e de la modulation de la douleur conditionnĂ©e (MDC) dĂ©pendent probablement de la nature et de l’intensitĂ© du stimulus de conditionnement. Objectifs: Le but de cette Ă©tude Ă©tait de mesurer l’effet de l’intensitĂ© du stimulus de conditionnement sur la durĂ©e de l’hypoalgĂ©sie par MDC. MĂ©thodes: Dans cette Ă©tude en simple aveugle, non randomisĂ©e, Ă  mesures rĂ©pĂ©tĂ©es, nous avons Ă©valuĂ© l’hypoalgĂ©sie par MDC chez 20 participants en bonne santĂ© Ă  la suite de tests au froid Ă  7 ° C et 12 ° C. Le stimulus du test, une stimulation thermique de 60 secondes, a Ă©tĂ© administrĂ© avant le test au froid et immĂ©diatement aprĂšs, puis Ă  nouveau Ă  des intervalles de cinq minutes jusqu’à ce que les scores de douleur des participants reviennent aux niveaux antĂ©rieurs au stimulus de conditionnement. Deux seuils d’hypoalgĂ©sie ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©s pour Ă©tablir le retour au niveau antĂ©rieur au stimulus de conditionnement : Ă  l’intĂ©rieur de - 10 / 100 de la situation de dĂ©part et Ă  l’intĂ©rieur de - 20 / 100 de la situation de dĂ©part. RĂ©sultats: L’hypoalgĂ©sie par MDC, dĂ©finie comme une rĂ©duction des niveaux de douleur > 10 / 100, n’a pas durĂ© plus longtemps aprĂšs le test au froid plus intense de 7 ° C que le test au froid de 12 ° C (32 minutes comparativement Ă  20 minutes, respectivement ; P = 0,06) ; des rĂ©sultats similaires ont Ă©tĂ© obtenus lorsque l’hypoalgĂ©sie par MDC Ă©tait dĂ©finie comme une rĂ©duction des niveaux de douleur > 20 / 100 (16 minutes aprĂšs le test au froid Ă  7 ° C comparativement Ă  9 minutes aprĂšs le test au froid Ă  12 ° C ; P = 0,33). La durĂ©e de l’hypoalgĂ©sie par MDC Ă©tait significativement plus longue lorsque le seuil 10 / 100 Ă©tait utilisĂ© comparativement au seuil 20 / 100, quelle que soit la tempĂ©rature du test au froid (P = 0,008 pour le test au froid Ă  12 ° C ; P < 0,001 pour le test au froid Ă  7 ° C). Conclusions: Le stimulus de conditionnement plus intense n’a pas induit d’hypoalgĂ©sie par MDC de plus longue durĂ©e comparativement au stimulus de conditionnement moins intense. Le choix du seuil pour ce qui constitue une hypoalgĂ©sie par MDC a eu un effet significatif sur les rĂ©sultats.Abstract : Background: The magnitude and duration of conditioned pain modulation (CPM) likely depends on the nature and intensity of the conditioning stimulus (CS). Aims: The aim of this study was to measure the effect of CS intensity on the duration of CPM hypoalgesia. Methods: In this single-blind, nonrandomized, repeated measures study, we assessed CPM hypoalgesia in 20 healthy participants following cold pressor tests (CPT) at 7°C and 12°C. The test stimulus, a 60-s heat stimulation, was administered before the CPT and immediately after, and again at 5-min intervals until participants’ pain scores returned to pre-CS levels. Two hypoalgesia thresholds were used to establish return to pre-CS level: within −10/100 of baseline and within −20/100 of baseline. Results: CPM hypoalgesia, when defined as a reduction in pain levels >10/100, did not last longer following the more intense 7°C CPT compared to the 12°C CPT (32 min vs. 20 min, respectively; P = 0.06); similar results were obtained when CPM hypoalgesia was defined as a reduction in pain levels of >20/100 (16 min following the 7°C CPT vs. 9 min following the 12°C CPT; P = 0.33). The duration of CPM hypoalgesia was significantly longer when the 10/100 threshold was used compared to the 20/100 threshold, regardless of CPT temperature (P = 0.008 for the 12°C CPT; P < 0.001 for the 7°C CPT). Conclusions: The more intense CS did not induce CPM hypoalgesia of longer duration compared to the less intense CS. The choice of threshold for what constitutes CPM hypoalgesia did have a significant effect on the results

    Development and Validation of the French-Canadian Chronic Pain Self-Efficacy Scale

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    BACKGROUND: Perceived self-efficacy is a non-negligible outcome when measuring the impact of self-management interventions for chronic pain patients. However, no validated, chronic pain-specific self-efficacy scales exist for studies conducted with French-speaking populations. OBJECTIVES: To establish the validity of the use of the French-Canadian Chronic Pain Self-efficacy Scale (FC-CPSES) among chronic pain patients.METHODS: The Chronic Disease Self-Efficacy Scale is a validated 33-item self-administered questionnaire that measures perceived self-efficacy to perform self-management behaviours, manage chronic disease in general and achieve outcomes (a six-item version is also available). This scale was adapted to the context of chronic pain patients following cross-cultural adaptation guidelines. The FC-CPSES was administered to 109 fibromyalgia and 34 chronic low back pain patients (n=143) who participated in an evidence-based self-management intervention (the PASSAGE program) offered in 10 health care centres across the province of Quebec. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients (α) were calculated to determine the internal consistency of the 33- and six-item versions of the FC-CPSES. With regard to convergent construct validity, the association between the FC-CPSES baseline scores and related clinical outcomes was examined. With regard to the scale’s sensitivity to change, pre- and postintervention FC-CPSES scores were compared. RESULTS: Internal consistency was high for both versions of the FC-CPSES (α=0.86 to α=0.96). Higher self-efficacy was significantly associated with higher mental health-related quality of life and lower pain intensity and catastrophizing (P<0.05), supporting convergent validity of the scale. There was a statistically significant increase in FC-CPSES scores between pre- and postintervention measures for both versions of the FC-CPSES (P<0.003), which supports their sensitivity to clinical change during an intervention. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that both versions of the FC-CPSES are reliable and valid for the measurement of pain management self-efficacy among chronic pain patients

    The effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation as an add-on modality to graded motor imagery for treatment of complex regional pain syndrome: A randomized proof of concept study

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    BACKGROUND: The efficacy of graded motor imagery (GMI) for the management of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is supported by evidence, but its treatment effect remains generally modest. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been advocated as an adjunct intervention to enhance the effect of motor imagery approaches in pain populations. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of GMI+active tDCS compared to the GMI+sham tDCS in the treatment of CRPS type I. METHODS: 22 patients (n=11/group) were randomly assigned to the experimental (GMI+tDCS) or placebo (GMI+sham tDCS) group. GMI treatments lasted 6 weeks; anodal tDCS was applied over the motor cortex for 5 consecutive days during the first 2 weeks and once a week thereafter. Changes in pain perception, quality of life, kinesiophobia, pain catastrophizing, anxiety and mood were monitored after 6 weeks of treatment (T1) and 1-month post treatment (T2). RESULTS: GMI+tDCS induced no statistically significant reduction in pain compared to GMI+sham tDCS. Although we observed significant group differences in kinesiophobia (P=0.012), pain catastrophizing (P=0.049) and anxiety (P=0.046) at T1, these improvements were not maintained at T2 and did not reached a clinically significant difference. DISCUSSION: We found no added value of tDCS combined with GMI treatments for reducing pain in patients with chronic CRPS. However, given that GMI+sham tDCS induced no significant change, further studies comparing GMI+tDCS and tDCS alone are needed to further document tDCS's effect in CRPS

    Development of a National Pain Management Competency Profile to Guide Entry-Level Physiotherapy Education in Canada

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    Background National strategies from North America call for substantive improvements in entry-level pain management education to help reduce the burden of chronic pain. Past work has generated a valuable set of interprofessional pain management competencies to guide the education of future health professionals. However, there has been very limited work that has explored the development of such competencies for individual professions in different regions. Developing profession-specific competencies tailored to the local context is a necessary first step to integrate them within local regulatory systems. Our group is working toward this goal within the context of entry-level physiotherapy (PT) programs across Canada. Aims This study aimed to create a consensus-based competency profile for pain management, specific to the Canadian PT context. Methods A modified Delphi design was used to achieve consensus across Canadian university-based and clinical pain educators. Results Representatives from 14 entry-level PT programs (93% of Canadian programs) and six clinical educators were recruited. After two rounds, a total of 15 competencies reached the predetermined endorsement threshold (75%). Most participants (85%) reported being “very satisfied” with the process. Conclusions This process achieved consensus on a novel pain management competency profile specific to the Canadian PT context. The resulting profile delineates the necessary abilities required by physiotherapists to manage pain upon entry to practice. Participants were very satisfied with the process. This study also contributes to the emerging literature on integrated research in pain management by profiling research methodology that can be used to inform related work in other health professions and regions

    Can we quickly and thoroughly assess pain with the PACSLAC-II? : a convergent validity study in long-term care residents suffering from dementia.

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    Abstract : A previous study found that the modified version of the Pain Assessment Checklist for Seniors with Limited Ability to Communicate (PACSLAC-II) is a valid tool to assess pain in elderly individuals suffering from dementia and who are unable to communicate verbally. The primary objective of this study was to confirm the convergent validity of the PACSLAC-II using direct evaluation of long-term care residents in real-life situations, using two other well-validated pain assessment scales (i.e., PACSLAC and Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia [PAINAD]). A secondary objective was to document and compare the time required to complete and score each assessment scale. During two potentially painful procedures (i.e., transfer/mobilization), 46 long-term care residents (mean age = 83 ± 10 years) suffering from dementia were observed by three independent evaluators, each using one of the assessment scales (randomly assigned). Correlational analyses and analysis of variance were used to evaluate the association between each scale and to compare scoring time. The PACSLAC (r = 0.61) and the PAINAD (r = 0.65) were both moderately associated with the PACSLAC-II (all p values < .001). The PAINAD's average scoring time (63 ± 19 seconds) was lower than the PACSLAC-II's (96 ± 2 seconds), which was lower than the PACSLAC's (135 ± 53 seconds) (all p values < .001). These results suggest that the PACSLAC-II is a valid tool for assessing pain in individuals with dementia. The time required to complete and score the PACSLAC-II was reasonable, supporting its usefulness in clinical settings
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