Characterization of fully recombinant human 20S and 20S-PA200 proteasome complexes

Proteasomes are essential in all eukaryotic cells. However, their function and regulation remain considerably elusive, particularly those of less abundant variants. We demonstrate the human 20S proteasome recombinant assembly and confirmed the recombinant complex integrity biochemically and with a 2.6 Å resolution cryo-EM map. To assess its competence to form higher-order assemblies, we prepared and analyzed recombinant human 20S-PA200, a poorly characterized nuclear complex. Its 3.0 Å resolution cryo-EM structure reveals the PA200 unique architecture; the details of its intricate interactions with the proteasome, resulting in unparalleled proteasome α ring rearrangements; and the molecular basis for PA200 allosteric modulation of the proteasome active sites. Non-protein cryo-EM densities could be assigned to PA200-bound inositol phosphates, and we speculate regarding their functional role. Here we open extensive opportunities to study the fundamental properties of the diverse and distinct eukaryotic proteasome variants and to improve proteasome targeting under different therapeutic conditions

Molecular analysis of the NR0B1 in three Portuguese families with X-linked Adrenal Hypoplasia Congenita

X-linked Adrenal Hypoplasia Congenita (X-linked AHC) is a rare disorder associated with acute adrenal insufficiency in the newborn age that typically cause vomiting, feeding difficulty, dehydration, and shock due to a salt-wasting episode. Hypoglycemia, frequently presenting with seizures, may be the first symptom. If untreated, adrenal insufficiency is lethal. Affected males, despite hormonal treatment, typically have delayed puberty (onset after age 14) caused by hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and most of them are infertile at adult age. Carrier females may occasionally have symptoms of adrenal insufficiency or hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, possibly caused by skewed X-chromosome inactivation. X-linked AHC is caused by mutations in NR0B1 gene, a critical gene involved in the development of adrenals and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Since the identification of the NR0B1 gene, numerous mutations have been discovered including deletions, alterations of splice-sites, missense, nonsense and frameshift mutations. Here we present the molecular results obtained in three Portuguese families with NR0B1 mutations. Mutation analysis was performed by PCR followed by SSCP analysis and sequencing of DNA fragments showing abnormal patterns on a second PCR product, or by direct DNA cycle sequencing of PCR products. Molecular analysis of the NR0B1 gene in proband A revealed a nonsense mutation, c.1084A>T, p.Lys362*, in exon 1, not previously described. His mother and sister were asymptomatic carriers; in family B a nonsense mutation, c.243C>G; p.Tyr81*, also in exon 1, was identified in two affected males and their mother and sister were also asymptomatic carriers; in family C a frameshift mutation, c.1292delG, p.Ser431Ilefs*6, in exon 2, was detected in a 7 years old affected male and his mother. The maternal origin of mutations was confirmed in the three families studied. The identification of a NR0B1 mutation in a family has important implications: a correct clinical diagnosis can be established, appropriate clinical management of affected members and suitable genetic counselling can be offered, female carriers can be identified and disease can be prevented

1,3-Propanediol Dehydrogenase from Klebsiella pneumoniae: Decameric Quaternary Structure and Possible Subunit Cooperativity▿

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a nosocomial pathogen frequently isolated from opportunistic infections, especially in clinical environments. In spite of its potential pathogenicity, this microorganism has several metabolic potentials that could be used in biotechnology applications. K. pneumoniae is able to metabolize glycerol as a sole source of carbon and energy. 1,3-Propanediol dehydrogenase is the core of the metabolic pathway for the use of glycerol. We have determined the crystallographic structure of 1,3-propanediol dehydrogenase, a type III Fe-NAD-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase, at 2.7-Å resolution. The structure of the enzyme monomer is closely related to that of other alcohol dehydrogenases. The overall arrangement of the enzyme showed a decameric structure, formed by a pentamer of dimers, which is the catalytic form of the enzyme. Dimers are associated by strong ionic interactions that are responsible for the highly stable in vivo packing of the enzyme. Kinetic properties of the enzyme as determined in the article would suggest that this decameric arrangement is related to the cooperativity between monomers

Crystal structure of the MrkD1P receptor binding domain of Klebsiella pneumoniae and identification of the human collagen V binding interface

Klebsiella species are members of the family enterobacteriaceae, opportunistic pathogens that are among the eight most prevalent infectious agents in hospitals. Among other virulence factors in Klebsiella, type 3 pili exhibit a unique binding pattern in the human kidney via interaction of two MrkD adhesion variants 1C1 and 1P to type IV and/or V collagen. However, very little is known about the nature of this recognition. Here we present the crystal structure of the plasmid born MrkD1P receptor domain (MrkDrd). The structure reveals a jelly-roll β-barrel fold comprising 17 β-strands very similar to the receptor domain of GafD, the tip adhesin from the F17 pilus that recognizes n-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc). Analysis of collagen V binding of different MrkD1P mutants revealed that two regions were responsible for its binding: a pocket, that aligns approximately with the GlcNAc binding pocket of GafD involving residues R105 and Y155, and a transversally oriented patch that spans strands β2a, β9b and β6 including residues V49, T52, V91, R102 and I136. Taken together, these data provide structural and functional insights on MrkD1P recognition of host cells, providing a tool for future development of rationally designed drugs with the prospect of blocking Klebsiella adhesion to collagen V

Proteasome complexes experience profound structural and functional rearrangements throughout mammalian spermatogenesis

International audienceSignificanceThe proteasome is responsible for the homeostasis of intracellular proteins. Here, we describe structural and functional aspects of a poorly characterized proteasome subtype found exclusively in germ cells. The spermatoproteasome was recently shown to be essential for spermatogenesis, a process requiring intense proteolysis. It differs from the constitutive proteasome by only one subunit, α4s, a subunit that replaces its α4 ubiquitous counterpart. In this work, we show how the shift from α4 to α4s regulates proteasome composition, dynamics, interactome, and activity. We reveal a regulation process more complex than previously suggested, which provides the basis for structural and functional studies of the spermatoproteasome

The proteasome regulator PSME4 modulates proteasome activity and antigen diversity to abrogate antitumor immunity in NSCLC

Immunotherapy revolutionized treatment options in cancer, yet the mechanisms underlying resistance in many patients remain poorly understood. Cellular proteasomes have been implicated in modulating antitumor immunity by regulating antigen processing, antigen presentation, inflammatory signaling and immune cell activation. However, whether and how proteasome complex heterogeneity may affect tumor progression and the response to immunotherapy has not been systematically examined. Here, we show that proteasome complex composition varies substantially across cancers and impacts tumor–immune interactions and the tumor microenvironment. Through profiling of the degradation landscape of patient-derived non-small-cell lung carcinoma samples, we find that the proteasome regulator PSME4 is upregulated in tumors, alters proteasome activity, attenuates presented antigenic diversity and associates with lack of response to immunotherapy. Collectively, our approach affords a paradigm by which proteasome composition heterogeneity and function should be examined across cancer types and targeted in the context of precision oncology

Two-step and one-step secretion mechanisms in gram-negative bacteria: contrasting the type IV secretion system and the chaperone-usher pathway of pilus biogenesis

Gram-negative bacteria have evolved diverse secretion systems/machineries to translocate substrates across the cell envelope. These various machineries fulfil a wide variety of functions but are also essential for pathogenic bacteria to infect human or plant cells. Secretion systems, of which there are seven, utilize one of two secretion mechanisms: (i) the one-step mechanism, whereby substrates are translocated directly from the bacterial cytoplasm to the extracellular medium or into the eukaryotic target cell; (ii) the two-step mechanism, whereby substrates are first translocated across the bacterial inner membrane; once in the periplasm, substrates are targeted to one of the secretion systems that mediate transport across the outer membrane and released outside the bacterial cell. The present review provides an example for each of these two classes of secretion systems and contrasts the various solutions evolved to secrete substrates