Un análisis iconográfico de la Estela Ponce, Tiwanaku, Bolivia.

En este trabajo se presenta un análisis iconográfico detallado de la estela Ponce y su relación con el uso de inhalantes visionarios. Primero se examina la posición y contexto de la escultura dentro del sitio arqueológico. Segundo, los componentes iconográficos se identifican y categorizan. Esta sección incluye discusión de la relación del cuerpo humano con los diferentes temas y motivos grabados en la anatomí­a del monumento. Tercero, se presentan modelos de posible organización de la configuración iconográfica. Cuarto, concluye con comparaciones entre las estelas Ponce y Bennett, y su relación con la parafernalia inhalatoria. La evidencia presentada en este artí­culo sugiere que las experiencias extáticas provocadas por inhalantes y pociones contribuyeron a la formación y desarrollo de la configuración iconográfica Tiwanaku

Prophylactic Subacute Administration of Zinc Increases CCL2, CCR2, FGF2, and IGF-1 Expression and Prevents the Long-Term Memory Loss in a Rat Model of Cerebral Hypoxia-Ischemia

Prophylactic subacute administration of zinc decreases lipoperoxidation and cell death following a transient cerebral hypoxia-ischemia, thus suggesting neuroprotective and preconditioning effects. Chemokines and growth factors are also involved in the neuroprotective effect in hypoxia-ischemia. We explored whether zinc prevents the cerebral cortex-hippocampus injury through regulation of CCL2, CCR2, FGF2, and IGF-1 expression following a 10 min of common carotid artery occlusion (CCAO). Male rats were grouped as follows: (1) Zn96h, rats injected with ZnCl2 (one dose every 24 h during four days); (2) Zn96h + CCAO, rats treated with ZnCl2 before CCAO; (3) CCAO, rats with CCAO only; (4) Sham group, rats with mock CCAO; and (5) untreated rats. The cerebral cortex-hippocampus was dissected at different times before and after CCAO. CCL2/CCR2, FGF2, and IGF-1 expression was assessed by RT-PCR and ELISA. Learning in Morris Water Maze was achieved by daily training during 5 days. Long-term memory was evaluated on day 7 after learning. Subacute administration of zinc increased expression of CCL2, CCR2, FGF2, and IGF-1 in the early and late phases of postreperfusion and prevented the CCAO-induced memory loss in the rat. These results might be explained by the induction of neural plasticity because of the expression of CCL2 and growth factors

Modelado de dispositivos activos de microondas utilizando código Verilog-A

The long term impact of microwave communication technologies will be functionality simulated and design on traditional computing and usual RF and microwave communication simulators such us: PSPICE, Agilent ADS, Agilent GENESYS, AWR Microwave Office, etc. This ability, allows making possible the enabling of the digital computer interaction and simulation with the designer and the world around it. This paper shows the simplicity and friendly-to-use technique of modelling active microwave devices using Verilog- A language, several examples has been studied under different commercial simulators: Agilent ADS and GENESYS

Plan de acción estratégica 2015-2021 para la adaptación al cambio climático de comunidades campesinas ubicadas en centros de origen y diversificación de cultivos nativos sierra central y sur

El Plan de Acción Estratégica 2015-2021 tiene como objetivo general, integrar los intereses y visiones de las comunidades campesinas ubicadas en centros de origen y diversificación de cultivos nativos altoandinos y demás actores sociales clave, en el proceso de adaptación al cambio climático en la región altoandina. La estructura de este plan se planteó a partir de la revisión de la bibliografía, especialmente de experiencias previas como el Plan de Acción Estratégico para fortalecer la conservación y el uso de los recursos Fitogenéticos mesoamericanos para la adaptación de la agricultura al cambio climático -PAEM- (Bioversity International 2014), la Guía para la elaboración de estrategias regionales sobre Cambio Climático (MINAM 2011), el Plan de Acción de Adaptación y Mitigación (MINAM 2010), la experiencia de PACC Apurímac (PACCPERU y otros 2014), el Proyecto Manejo Sostenible de la Tierra MST Apurímac (MINAM 2011), entre otros y luego se definió a partir de los intereses y necesidades de las comunidades campesinas altoandinas sobre el cambio climático y la agrobiodiversidad

Tendencias y retos de la geografía en América Latina en el siglo XXI: una perspectiva desde el VII CGAL

Su estructura contempla siete capítulos: en el primero denominado Origen y devenir histórico del Coloquio Geográfico sobre América Latina de la Facultad de Geografía de la UAEM de los autores Carlos Reyes Torres, Agustín Olmos Cruz y Fernando Carreto Bernal, integrantes del Cuerpo Académico en Educación y Enseñanza de la Geografía, da cuenta del origen de los Coloquios Geográficos de AL, estableciendo sus etapas de desarrollo desde 1993 al 2014, caracterizando sus comités organizadores, ejes temáticos, así como la representación de los ponentes de las instituciones y países participantes. La relevancia de estos estudios radica en la recuperación de la historia de los eventos para fomentar la identidad y sentido de pertenencia con la disciplina y con la institución.El presente libro intitulado Tendencias y retos de la geografía en América Latina en el siglo XXI: una perspectiva desde el VII CGAL, es un producto derivado del 7° Coloquio Geográfico sobre América Latina, celebrado en desde hace ya dos décadas en la Facultad de Geografía de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, convocando con el eje temático sobre “Las Tendencias y retos de la Geografía en América Latina en el siglo XXI”Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México Facultad de Geografí

Normothermic regional perfusion vs. super-rapid recovery in controlled donation after circulatory death liver transplantation

[Background & Aims] Although there is increasing interest in its use, definitive evidence demonstrating a benefit for postmortem normothermic regional perfusion (NRP) in controlled donation after circulatory death (cDCD) liver transplantation is lacking. The aim of this study was to compare results of cDCD liver transplants performed with postmortem NRP vs. super-rapid recovery (SRR), the current standard for cDCD.[Methods] This was an observational cohort study including all cDCD liver transplants performed in Spain between June 2012 and December 2016, with follow-up ending in December 2017. Each donor hospital determined whether organ recovery was performed using NRP or SRR. The propensity scores technique based on the inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) was used to balance covariates across study groups; logistic and Cox regression models were used for binary and time-to-event outcomes.[Results] During the study period, there were 95 cDCD liver transplants performed with postmortem NRP and 117 with SRR. The median donor age was 56 years (interquartile range 45–65 years). After IPTW analysis, baseline covariates were balanced, with all absolute standardised differences <0.15. IPTW-adjusted risks were significantly improved among NRP livers for overall biliary complications (odds ratio 0.14; 95% CI 0.06–0.35, p <0.001), ischaemic type biliary lesions (odds ratio 0.11; 95% CI 0.02–0.57; p = 0.008), and graft loss (hazard ratio 0.39; 95% CI 0.20–0.78; p = 0.008).[Conclusions] The use of postmortem NRP in cDCD liver transplantation appears to reduce postoperative biliary complications, ischaemic type biliary lesions and graft loss, and allows for the transplantation of livers even from cDCD donors of advanced age.[Lay summary] This is a propensity-matched nationwide observational cohort study performed using livers recovered from donors undergoing cardiac arrest provoked by the intentional withdrawal of life support (controlled donation after circulatory death, cDCD). Approximately half of the livers were recovered after a period of postmortem in situ normothermic regional perfusion, which restored warm oxygenated blood to the abdominal organs, whereas the remainder were recovered after rapid preservation with a cold solution. The study results suggest that the use of postmortem normothermic regional perfusion helps reduce rates of post-transplant biliary complications and graft loss and allows for the successful transplantation of livers from older cDCD donors.Peer reviewe

Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing the Impact of Tacrolimus Versus Cyclosporine on the Incidence of Posttransplant Diabetes Mellitus

Despite the high incidence of posttransplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) among high-risk recipients, no studies have investigated its prevention by immunosuppression optimization. We conducted an open-label, multicenter, randomized trial testing whether a tacrolimus-based immunosuppression and rapid steroid withdrawal (SW) within 1 week (Tac-SW) or cyclosporine A (CsA) with steroid minimization (SM) (CsA-SM), decreased the incidence of PTDM compared with tacrolimus with SM (Tac-SM). All arms received basiliximab and mycophenolate mofetil. High risk was defined by age >60 or >45 years plus metabolic criteria based on body mass index, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels. The primary endpoint was the incidence of PTDM after 12 months. The study comprised 128 de novo renal transplant recipients without pretransplant diabetes (Tac-SW: 44, Tac-SM: 42, CsA-SM: 42). The 1-year incidence of PTDM in each arm was 37.8% for Tac-SW, 25.7% for Tac-SM, and 9.7% for CsA-SM (relative risk [RR] Tac-SW vs. CsA-SM 3.9 [1.2-12.4; P = 0.01]; RR Tac-SM vs. CsA-SM 2.7 [0.8-8.9; P = 0.1]). Antidiabetic therapy was required less commonly in the CsA-SM arm (P = 0.06); however, acute rejection rate was higher in CsA-SM arm (Tac-SW 11.4%, Tac-SM 4.8%, and CsA-SM 21.4% of patients; cumulative incidence P = 0.04). Graft and patient survival, and graft function were similar among arms. In high-risk patients, tacrolimus-based immunosuppression with SM provides the best balance between PTDM and acute rejection incidence

RICORS2040 : The need for collaborative research in chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a silent and poorly known killer. The current concept of CKD is relatively young and uptake by the public, physicians and health authorities is not widespread. Physicians still confuse CKD with chronic kidney insufficiency or failure. For the wider public and health authorities, CKD evokes kidney replacement therapy (KRT). In Spain, the prevalence of KRT is 0.13%. Thus health authorities may consider CKD a non-issue: very few persons eventually need KRT and, for those in whom kidneys fail, the problem is 'solved' by dialysis or kidney transplantation. However, KRT is the tip of the iceberg in the burden of CKD. The main burden of CKD is accelerated ageing and premature death. The cut-off points for kidney function and kidney damage indexes that define CKD also mark an increased risk for all-cause premature death. CKD is the most prevalent risk factor for lethal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the factor that most increases the risk of death in COVID-19, after old age. Men and women undergoing KRT still have an annual mortality that is 10- to 100-fold higher than similar-age peers, and life expectancy is shortened by ~40 years for young persons on dialysis and by 15 years for young persons with a functioning kidney graft. CKD is expected to become the fifth greatest global cause of death by 2040 and the second greatest cause of death in Spain before the end of the century, a time when one in four Spaniards will have CKD. However, by 2022, CKD will become the only top-15 global predicted cause of death that is not supported by a dedicated well-funded Centres for Biomedical Research (CIBER) network structure in Spain. Realizing the underestimation of the CKD burden of disease by health authorities, the Decade of the Kidney initiative for 2020-2030 was launched by the American Association of Kidney Patients and the European Kidney Health Alliance. Leading Spanish kidney researchers grouped in the kidney collaborative research network Red de Investigación Renal have now applied for the Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS) call for collaborative research in Spain with the support of the Spanish Society of Nephrology, Federación Nacional de Asociaciones para la Lucha Contra las Enfermedades del Riñón and ONT: RICORS2040 aims to prevent the dire predictions for the global 2040 burden of CKD from becoming true