Multibiomarker approach to fipronil exposure in the fish Dicentrarchus labrax under two temperature regimes

Fipronil is a phenylpyrazole insecticide widely used to control pests in agriculture even though evidence of harmful side effects in non-target species has been reported. A comprehensive study on the effects of dietary administration of Regent®800WG (80 % fipronil) in European sea bass juveniles was carried out under two temperature regimes: a) natural conditions, and b) 3 °C above the natural temperature (an increase predicted for the NW Mediterranean by the end of this century). Fipronil was added to the fish food (10 mg fipronil /Kg feed) and the effects were studied at several time points including right before administration, 7 and 14 days after daily fipronil feed and one-week after the insecticide withdrawal from the diet (depuration period). A wide array of physiological and metabolic biomarkers including feeding rate, general condition indices, plasma and epidermal mucus metabolites, immune response, osmoregulation, detoxification and oxidative-stress markers and digestive enzymes were assessed. General linear models and principal component analyses indicated that regardless of water temperature, fipronil resulted in a significant alteration of several of the above listed biomarkers. Among them, glucose and lactate levels increased in plasma and decreased in epidermal mucus as indicators of a stress response. Similarly, a depletion in catalase activity and higher lipid peroxidation in liver of fipronil-exposed fish were also indicative of an oxidative-stress condition. Fipronil induced a time dependent inhibition of Cytochrome P450-related activities and an increase of phase II glutathione-S-transferase. Moreover, fipronil administration was able to reduce the hypo-osmoregulatory capability as shown by the increase of plasmatic osmolality and altered several digestive enzymes including trypsin, lipase, alpha amylase and maltase. Finally, analyses in bile and muscle confirmed the rapid clearance of fipronil but the persistence of the metabolite fipronil-sulfone in bile even after the 7-day depuration period. Altogether, the results reveal a notable impact of this compound on the physiological condition of the European sea bass. The results should be considered in future environmental risk assessment studies since fipronil could be hazardous to fish species, particularly those inhabiting estuarine ecosystems exposed to the discharge of agriculture runoffs where this pesticide is mainly used

Effect of ivermectin on the liver of gilthead seabream Sparus aurata: a proteomic approach

23 p., 2 tablas, 4 figuras y bibliografíaGilthead sea bream Sparus aurata is the most commercialized Mediterranean aquacultured fish species. Ivermectin has recently(experimentally) started to be used to control ectoparasitic infestations in Mediterranean cultured marine fish. The potential hepatotoxicity of ivermectin was investigated in gilthead sea bream juveniles (35g) following oral administration at the recommended dose of 0.2mg kg-1 fish for 10d. Difference Gel Electrophoresis Technology (DIGE) was used to study the effect of this treatment in gilthead sea bream liver protein profile under routine culture conditions. The 2D-DIGE protein maps obtained were analyzed using the DeCyder 6.5 software. The results obtained showed significant changes in the expression of 36 proteins respect to the control group. Among these proteins, six increased in abundance, and 30 decreased. Spot showing differential expression respect to the control were analyzed by mass spectrometry and database search, which resulted in three positive identifications corresponding to hepatic proteins involved in lipid metabolism (apoA-I), oxidative stress responses and energy generation (beta-globin, ATP synthase subunit beta). These proteins have not been previously associated to invermectin effect.This work was funded by projects GV06B-351 “Generalitat Valenciana” and CTM 2006-14279-CO2-01/MAR MEC-FEDER. This research was performed within the framework of a concerted action between Spain and Greece (HG-2004-0016). I. Varó was a recipient of a “Ramón y Cajal” contract at the University of Valencia from the “Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (Spain)”.Peer reviewe

“Estrategias de afrontamiento y sobrecarga del cuidador primario de personas con discapacidad intelectual. Caritas, Arequipa - 2017”

TesisLa investigación titulada “Estrategias de Afrontamiento y Sobrecarga del cuidador primario de personas con Discapacidad Intelectual. Caritas, Arequipa – 2017” tuvo como objetivo general determinar la relación entre las estrategias de afrontamiento con el nivel de sobrecarga de los cuidadores primarios de personas con Discapacidad intelectual, cuya población fue de 83 cuidadores primarios que asistieron a las escuelas de padres de los 9 Centros Educativos donde se aplicó 3 instrumentos, el primero que fue una ficha sociodemográfica, el segundo instrumentos: la escala de Sobrecarga de Zarit y la tercera la Escala de Estimación de Afrontamiento COPE; obteniéndose como resultado que no existe relación entre las estrategias de afrontamiento con el nivel de sobrecarga de los cuidadores primarios, por lo que se rechaza la hipótesis planteada y se recomienda buscar factores que estén contribuyendo a una sobrecarga en estos cuidadores

Xenobiotic metabolism modulation after long-term temperature acclimation in juveniles of Solea senegalensis

12 pages, 3 figures, 3 tablesThe Senegalese sole, Solea senegalensis, originates from subtropical waters and displays great adaptability to environmental factors such as temperature. A comprehensive study on the effect of long-term temperature acclimation on xenobiotic metabolism, along with the assessment of other parameters related to physiological status, was designed to characterize the response of this species to temperature fluctuations within a realistic range. S. senegalensis juveniles were acclimated for a period of 60 days to two different ambient temperatures, 15 and 20 °C. Several hepatic, gill, muscular and plasmatic parameters were measured over time at the two temperatures. The lower temperature triggered, over time, the synthesis of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450-related enzymes (e.g. 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), carboxylesterases, and the conjugating enzyme uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase and, more significantly, EROD activity in gills. The antioxidant enzyme activities: catalase and glutathione reductase in liver were positively correlated to temperature. Plasmatic parameters (glucose, lactate, triglycerides and osmolality) were consistent with a good physiological status of the experimental fish. The expression of heat shock proteins in muscle did not significantly change in the two temperature groups. The results evidenced that the subtropical species S. senegalensis also uses the temperature compensation strategy to different degrees for most biotransformation enzymes; this response was more intense and faster in gills than in liver. This compensatory strategy did not apply to antioxidant enzymes and GST. The present findings highlight the need to consider the thermal history of the fish when using S. senegalensis as a sentinel in a biomarker-based pollution monitoring study. The fish plasticity on its strategy of physiological adaptation to temperature changes could contribute to explain the success in the geographical expansion of this species. © 2014, Springer-Verlag Berlin HeidelbergThis work was financed by the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain (ref: CTM2010-16611)Peer Reviewe

Temperature compensation in oxidative stress and biotransformation enzyme activities in Mytilus galloprovincialis exposed to cypermethrin

Trabajo presentado en el 10th Iberian and 7th Iberoamerican Congress on Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (CICTA), celebrado en Vila Real, Portugal, del 14 al 17 de julio de 2015In ectothermic organisms, as the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, temperature is recognized as a pervasive factor affecting structures and functions at all levels of biological organization and can cause alterations in biochemical, cellular and physiological rates. Metabolic enzyme activities are strongly affected by temperature, and generally reaction rates are slower at low temperatures. Ectothermic animals can respond, on both short-term and evolutionary time scales, to chronic temperature changes by quantitative and/or qualitative adjustments in enzyme activity. Thermal acclimation of metabolism includes changes in the concentration of enzymes, maintaining the enzyme´s affinity for substrate and turnover rates as temperature changes, or the induction of enzymes with different kinetic properties such as an allozyme with a lower energy of activation. In order to evaluate biochemical temperature compensation in catalase (CAT) and Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities, mussels were kept at three temperatures (17ºC, 22ºC and 27 °C) and two cypermethrin concentrations during 96h following a factorial design. Activities were measured and compared at two different conditions: at a selected common temperature of 20ºC for all experimental groups and at the acclimation temperature of each one (17ºC, 22ºC and 27 °C). When measured at 20ºC the highest CAT activity was reached at the lowest temperature of acclimation whereas the highest GST activity was reached at 22ºC. When activities were measured at the temperature of mussel acclimation, temperature compensation processes were detected for GST and CAT. Total temperature compensation was found in CAT activity.D. Ortiz is recipient of a fellowship from PhD (Becas Chile) for Advanced Human Capital formation pertaining the Ministry of Education of Chile (CONICYT) and funded by the Government of Chile.Peer reviewe

Metal concentrations, general stress markers and metal detoxification mechanisms of Solea solea and Solea senegalensis from NW Mediterranean fishing grounds

9º Congreso Ibérico y 6º Iberoamericano de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, CICTA 2013, a investigación en medio ambiente: imprescindible para la sostenibilidad, 1-4 de julio de 2013, Valencia.The common sole, Solea solea (Linneus,1758), and the senegalese sole, Solea Senegalensis (Kaup, 1858), are two important commercial species that coexist in the NW Mediterranean Sea. This field survey was designed to assess the kidney metal and metallothionein (MT) levels in these species and contrast it with sediment metal levels in the six fishing grounds along the Catalonian coast. Induction of MT in fish and the bioaccumulation of metals in kidney was associated with biomarkers such as Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Lipid Peroxidation (LP) and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) in different tissues. Metal detoxification mechanisms varied on dependence of MT, selenium (Se) or zinc (Zn) as reliable mechanisms to handle potential metal toxicity. The protective role of MT was shown in their positive correlations with other toxic metals after Principal Component Analysis (PCA) considering all variables. Moreover, molar Se:Hg ratio in kidney was higher than 1. Overall, S. senegalensis showed greater protection against environmental metals although each species of Solea relies on particular mechanisms to prevent metal toxicitPeer Reviewe

Impact of Carboxylated Polystyrene Nanoplastics on some physiological and biochemical aspects of Artemia parthenogenetica

Trabajo presentado en el 11º Congreso Ibérico, 8º Iberoamericano de Contaminación y Toxicología (CICTA 2018) celebrado en la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Madrid del 11 al 13 de julio de 2018Nano-sized polymers as polystyrene (PS) constitute one of the main challenges for marine ecosystems since they can distribute along the whole water column affecting planktonic species, and consequently disrupting the energy flow of marine ecosystems and potentially affecting humans as end term consumers. Nanoplastics produce different impacts on aquatic organisms than larger pieces of plastic due to their small size, high surface curvature and large surface area. Moreover, their effect on zooplanktonic species has been much less studied than those produced by macro and microplastics. Recent studies have been addressing the effects of polystyrene nanoparticles (PSNPs) on marine invertebrates due to its supposed presence in marine ecosystems coming from degradation of nanomaterials, drugs and other compounds. The present study aims to evaluate the long-term effect of 60nm anionic carboxylated polystyrene nanoplastics (NP (PS-COOH)) in zooplankton using Artemia parthenogenetica as a model. Toxicity was determined after 7 days of exposition of 7 days old metanauplius to subtlethal suspensions of PS-COOH (1 and 3 μg/mL) by analysing the effects on growth, survival and feeding behaviour. In addition, several classic enzymatic subcellular responses related to biotransformation of xenobiotics (carboxylesterase, CbE and glutathione-S-transferase, GST), neuronal transmission (cholinesterase, ChE), antioxidant defences (catalase, CAT), and protection against general stress (HSP70 stress proteins) were evaluated. The results showed that chronic exposure of A. parthenogenetica to sub-lethal suspensions of NP (PS-COOH) reduced growth and filtration rate, without changing the survival. Also, significant changes in all biomarkers studied, except for CAT and HSP70 were observed. These results show that chronic exposure to NP (PS-COOH) produce toxic effects in A. parthenogenetica and confirm the general concern about polystyrene nanoparticles (PS-NPs) and their potential threat on marine zooplankton, which are key organisms within the functioning of aquatic trophic food chain.This work was financed the Generalitat Valenciana (ref: GV-2014/085-PROMETEO-II)Peer reviewe

Temperature compensation in oxidative stress and biotransformation enzyme activities in Mytilus galloprovincialis exposed to cypermethrin.

Comunicación presentada en el 10th Iberian and 7th Iberoamerican Congress on Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, celebrado en Vila Real, Portugal, del 14 al 17 de julio de 2015In ectothermic organisms, as the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, temperature is recognized as a pervasive factor affecting structures and functions at all levels of biological organization especially at individual level or lower biological organization that has a directly influence the body temperature and cause alterations in biochemical, cellular and physiological rates. Metabolic enzyme activities are strongly affected by temperature; generally reaction rates are slower at low temperatures (Arrhenius equation). Ectotherm animals can respond, on both short-term and evolutionary time scales, to chronic temperature changes by quantitative and/or qualitative adjustments in enzyme activity. Thermal acclimation of metabolism include changes in the concentration of enzymes (quantitative strategy), maintaining the enzyme's affinity for substrate and turnover rates as temperature changes (modulation strategy), or the induction of enzymes with different kinetic properties (qualitative strategy) such as an allozyme with a lower energy of activation. In order to evaluate biochemical temperature compensation in catalase and GST activities in mussel tissues, mussels were kept at three temperatures (17ºC, 22ºC and27 °C) and two cypermethrin concentrations during 96h following a factorial design. Two widely used biomarkers of pollution Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione S-transferase (GST) were determined. Activities of each sample were measured and compared at two different conditions: at a selected common temperature of 20ºC for all them and at the acclimation temperature (17ºC, 22ºC an d27 °C). Total temperature compensation was found in catalase activity. D. Ortiz is recipient of a fellowship from PhD (Becas Chile) for Advanced Human Capital formation pertaining the Ministry of Education of Chile (CONICYT) and funded by the Government of Chile. Keywords: physiological compensation, oxidative biomarkers, Mytilus.Peer Reviewe

Long-term effect of temperature on bioaccumulation of dietary metals and metallothionein induction in Sparus aurata

Previous studies have demonstrated that the commercial feed of aquacultured fish contains trace amounts of toxic and essential metals which can accumulate in tissues and finally be ingested by consumers. Recently rising temperatures, associated to the global warming phenomenon, have been reported as a factor to be taken into consideration in ecotoxicology, since temperature-dependent alterations in bioavailability, toxicokinetics and biotransformation rates can be expected. Sparus aurata were kept at 22. °C, 27. °C and 30. °C for 3. months in order to determine the temperature effect on metallothionein induction and metal bioaccumulation from a non-experimentally contaminated commercial feed. A significant temperature-dependent accumulation of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb) and iron (Fe) was found in liver, together with that of manganese (Mn), Fe and Zn in muscle. Hg presented the highest bioaccumulation factor, and essential metal homeostasis was disturbed in both tissues at warm temperatures. An enhancement of hepatic metallothionein induction was found in fish exposed to the highest temperature. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.The study was supported by the Spanish National Plan for Research under Project CTM2006-14279-CO2-01 MEC-FEDER.Peer Reviewe