Long-term increase of fat mass after a four week intervention with fast food based hyper-alimentation and limitation of physical activity

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>A sedentary lifestyle and increased consumption of energy dense food have become more common in many parts of the world. The aim of this study was to study long term effects on body composition after a four week intervention with fast food based hyper-alimentation and limited physical activity in young normal weight subjects.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Eighteen subjects, mean age 26 (6.6) years, increased their energy intake with in average 70% and physical activity were not to exceed 5000 steps/day. Body composition was measured by Dual energy x-ray (DXA) at baseline, after the intervention and after 12 months. A matched control group was also included. ANOVA and Student's paired and unpaired t-test were used.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>During the intervention body weight increased with 6.4 (2.8) kg and DXA measurements showed increases of both fat free mass and fat mass. Six months after the intervention the subjects had lost most of the weight gain, - 4.7 (3.1) kg. Twelve months after the intervention body weight had increased with 1.5 (2.4) kg compared to baseline (p = 0.018). DXA measurements at 12 months showed unchanged fat free mass compared to baseline but higher fat mass, + 1.4 (1.9) kg (p = 0.01). After 2.5 years the increase of body weight was 3.1 (4.0) kg (p = 0.01) while there was no change in controls compared to baseline, + 0.1(2.5) kg (p = 0.88).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>One year after a short term intervention with increased fast food based hyper-alimentation there was an increase of fat mass but unchanged fat free mass. As the change of fat mass was larger than expected from prospective epidemiological studies and as there was no increase of body weight in controls it raises the issue whether there is a long-term effect to increase fat mass of a short period of hyper-alimentation.</p

Latviešu valodas institūta žurnāls

Objective. To prospectively evaluate the effects of resistance training combined with increased energy intake or protein-supplementation on lean body-mass, resting metabolic-rate (RMR) and cardiovascular risk factors. Methods. Twenty-four healthy males (aged 19-32 years) performed resistance exercise for 12 weeks aiming for at least 1 hour training-sessions 3 times a week. The participants were randomized to consume extra protein (33 g whey protein/day) or a meal of fast-food/day (1350 kcal, 41 g protein). Body-composition was measured with Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) and RMR by indirect calorimetry. Fasting blood samples were drawn before and after the 3-month training period and after 12 months. Results. The body weight increased from 75.1 +/- 6.9 kg to 78.7 +/- 7.2 kg (p andlt; 0.0001), without differences between the groups. RMR increased from 1787 +/- 143 kcal/24 h to 1954 +/- 187 kcal/24 h (p andlt; 0.0001, N = 24), which was more than expected from the increase in lean body-mass (increase from 59.7 +/- 4.3 kg to 61.8 +/- 4.1 kg p = 0.004). Fasting serum-insulin levels increased in the fast-food group compared with the extra-protein group (p = 0.03). ApoB increased from 0.691 +/- 0.14 g/L to 0.768 +/- 0.17 g/L, p = 0.004, in the fast-food group only. Long-term follow up after 12 months showed that RMR, body weight, total fat and lean body-masses did not differ from baseline (n = 19). Conclusions. Resistance training for 12 weeks increased RMR and lean body-mass similarly when based on either an increased energy-intake or protein supplement. However, the increase in RMR was higher than expected from the increase in lean body-mass. Thus resistance training could potentially decrease the risk of obesity by induction of increased RMR.Funding Agencies|University Hospital of Linkoping Research Funds||Linkoping University||Gamla Tjanarinnor||Medical Research Council of Southeast Sweden||Diabetes Research Centre of Linkoping University||</p

The Fourteenth Amendment, the “Right” to Vote, and the Understanding of the Thirty-Ninth Congress

If that history does not prove what I think it does, we are at least entitled to be told why

Spatial and temporal assessment of rural-urban land-use gradient effects on water quality and periphyton communities in tributaries of Durham Region, Ontario

This study examines the effects of longitudinal and local land-use gradients on water quality and periphyton within four watersheds representing varying rural-urban land-use types and intensities. Although numerous studies have identified how specific land-use gradients (e.g., urban or agricultural land-use) affect water quality and periphyton, it is not fully understood how varying intensities and types of rural-urban land-use gradients affect water quality and algae both within and across watersheds sharing similar physiography and climate. Therefore, this study aimed to determine how variation in rural-urban land-use gradients affect water quality and periphyton along the cumulative flow path of tributaries (i.e., longitudinal), as well as across tributaries where sites were approximately matched for distance from headwaters. To assess spatial variation without the confounding effects of seasonality, I analysed water quality, algal biomass, and community composition from a set of algal growth substrates that were deployed in all study creeks (Lynde, Oshawa, Bowmanville and Soper) during May, 2015. Additionally, I examined the spatial and temporal variation of water quality and algal community structure in all tributaries from May ??? August, 2015

Hyaluronic acid influence on platelet-induced airway smooth muscle cell proliferation

Abstract Hyaluronic acid (HA) is one of the main components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and is expressed throughout the body including the lung and mostly in areas surrounding proliferating and migrating cells. Furthermore, platelets have been implicated as important players in the airway remodeling process, e.g. due to their ability to induce airway smooth muscle cell (ASMC) proliferation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of HA, the HA-binding surface receptor CD44 and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in plateletinduced ASMC proliferation. Proliferation of ASMC was measured using the MTS-assay, and we found that the CD44 blocking antibody and the HA synthase inhibitor 4-Methylumbelliferone (4-MU) significantly inhibited platelet-induced ASMC proliferation. The interaction between ASMC and platelets was studied by fluorescent staining of F-actin. In addition, the ability of ASMC to synthesise HA was investigated by fluorescent staining using biotinylated HA-binding protein and a streptavidin conjugate. We observed that ASMC produced HA and that a CD44 blocking antibody and 4-MU significantly inhibited platelet binding to the area surrounding the ASMC. Furthermore, the FAK-inhibitor PF 573228 inhibited platelet-induced ASMC proliferation. Co-culture of ASMC and platelets also resulted in increased phosphorylation of FAK as detected by Western blot analysis. In addition, 4-MU significantly inhibited the increased FAK-phosphorylation. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that ECM has the ability to influence platelet-induced ASMC proliferation. Specifically, we propose that HA produced by ASMC is recognised by platelet CD44. The platelet/HA interaction is followed by FAK activation and increased proliferation of co-cultured ASMC. We also suggest that the mitogenic effect of platelets represents a potential important and novel mechanism that may contribute to airway remodelling

Self-assembly of mechanoplasmonic bacterial cellulose-metal nanoparticle composites

Nanocomposites of metal nanoparticles (NPs) and bacterial nanocellulose (BC) enable fabrication of soft and biocompatible materials for optical, catalytic, electronic, and biomedical applications. Current BC-NP nanocomposites are typically prepared by in situ synthesis of the NPs or electrostatic adsorption of surface functionalized NPs, which limits possibilities to control and tune NP size, shape, concentration, and surface chemistry and influences the properties and performance of the materials. Here a self-assembly strategy is described for fabrication of complex and well-defined BC-NP composites using colloidal gold and silver NPs of different sizes, shapes, and concentrations. The self-assembly process results in nanocomposites with distinct biophysical and optical properties. In addition to antibacterial materials and materials with excellent senor performance, materials with unique mechanoplasmonic properties are developed. The homogenous incorporation of plasmonic gold NPs in the BC enables extensive modulation of the optical properties by mechanical stimuli. Compression gives rise to near-field coupling between adsorbed NPs, resulting in tunable spectral variations and enhanced broadband absorption that amplify both nonlinear optical and thermoplasmonic effects and enables novel biosensing strategies

Ehdotus kansainvälisen pelastustoiminnan kehittämiseksi

Sisäministeriö asetti pelastuslaitosten kumppanuusverkoston kanssa yhteisen pelastustoimen uudistushankkeen 15.12.2015. Hankkeen tavoitteena oli kehittää hallitusohjelman mukaisesti pelastustoimen järjestelmää ja helpottaa pelastustoimen järjestämisvastuun siirtymistä kunnilta maakunnille sote- ja maakuntauudistuksen yhteydessä. 1.7.2016 sisäministeriö asetti uudistukselle 14 työryhmää, joista yksi oli kansainvälisen pelastustoiminta -työryhmä. Työryhmässä olivat edustettuina sisäministeriön pelastusosasto, Pelastusopisto, aluehallintovirasto ja pelastuslaitokset. Työryhmän ehdotusten keskeisenä tavoitteena on parantaa Suomen varautumista pelastustoimeen kuuluvan kansainvälisen avun antamiseen ja vastaanottamiseen. Lisäksi tavoitteena on integroida pelastustoimen kansainvälinen toiminta osaksi päivittäistä toimintaa kaikilla tasoilla sekä hyödyntää erityisesti kansainvälisiin tehtäviin koulutettua pelastustoimen henkilöstöä nykyistä paremmin kotimaan valmiudessa. Nykyisessä turvallisuusympäristössä on entistä tärkeämpää varautua käyttämään pelastustoimen erityisresursseja tehokkaasti kansainvälisen avunannon lisäksi myös kotimaan onnettomuustilanteissa. Samoja resursseja voidaan hyödyntää myös tilanteessa, jossa jouduttaisiin pyytämään kansainvälistä apua Suomeen (isäntävaltion tukitoimet, Host Nation Support). Työryhmä ehdottaa, että pelastustoimen erityisresursseja, mukaan lukien henkilöstön osaaminen, kehitetään ensisijaisesti kotimaan tarpeita varten. Samalla tiettyjä valmiuksia kehitetään kansainvälisen pelastustoiminnan tehtäviin tarjottaviksi (vrt. Ruotsin metsäpalot 2018). Työryhmä ehdottaa lisäksi, että kansainvälisen pelastustoiminnan koordinaatiotoiminto perustetaan pelastustoimen 24/7 valtakunnallisen tilannekeskuksen yhteyteen. Hälytysjärjestelyt, logistiset järjestelyt ja varastointi suunnitellaan uudelta pohjalta vuodesta 2020–21 alkaen. Kansainvälisen pelastustoiminnan koulutukset ja harjoitukset integroidaan osaksi Pelastusopiston normaalia täydennyskoulutusohjelmaa ja pelastuslaitosten henkilöstö osallistuu toimintaan samoin perustein kuin muuhunkin täydennyskoulutukseen

The complexity of kidney disease and diagnosing it – cystatin C, selective glomerular hypofiltration syndromes and proteome regulation

Estimation of kidney function is often part of daily clinical practice, mostly done by using the endogenous glomerular filtration rate (GFR)-markers creatinine or cystatin C. A recommendation to use both markers in parallel in 2010 has resulted in new knowledge concerning the pathophysiology of kidney disorders by the identification of a new set of kidney disorders, selective glomerular hypofiltration syndromes. These syndromes, connected to strong increases in mortality and morbidity, are characterized by a selective reduction in the glomerular filtration of 5–30 kDa molecules, such as cystatin C, compared to the filtration of small molecules <1 kDa dominating the glomerular filtrate, for example water, urea and creatinine. At least two types of such disorders, shrunken or elongated pore syndrome, are possible according to the pore model for glomerular filtration. Selective glomerular hypofiltration syndromes are prevalent in investigated populations, and patients with these syndromes often display normal measured GFR or creatinine-based GFR-estimates. The syndromes are characterized by proteomic changes promoting the development of atherosclerosis, indicating antibodies and specific receptor-blocking substances as possible new treatment modalities. Presently, the KDIGO guidelines for diagnosing kidney disorders do not recommend cystatin C as a general marker of kidney function and will therefore not allow the identification of a considerable number of patients with selective glomerular hypofiltration syndromes. Furthermore, as cystatin C is uninfluenced by muscle mass, diet or variations in tubular secretion and cystatin C-based GFR-estimation equations do not require controversial race or sex terms, it is obvious that cystatin C should be a part of future KDIGO guidelines.publishedVersio