Diseño de un modelo de estimación de costos eficientes para explotaciones ganaderas de pequeños productores crianceros ubicados entre las regiones del Maule y de los Lagos

The sanitary and commercial advantages of Chile have given the only opportunity for the development of stockbreeding bovine, transforming it in a new opportunity is strongly presented for the small breeding producers of our country, since that they are who initiate the productive cycle of bovine meat.The challenge for them is based on increasing their stock breeder mass, in volume and quality, for this reason, they obligatory need to be more efficient in their costs. The objective of this investigation was the designing of an efficient evaluation cost model for the stock breeder exploitation of the small producersof our country. The real productive costs, associated to the system of breeding, were determined through a survey applied to the small stockbreeder producers from the VII to the X regions. Besides, the relevant variables that influence in cost of production of system of breeding and mathematics expressions used forquantify these variables, were determined. For determining the better productive practices it was applied the technique of data evolvement analysis, by means of which the efficient producers were identified. The model of evaluation costs was based on the concept of comparative efficiency or benchmarking, by meansof which, an efficient system of breeding that incorporated the best productive practices and technical characteristics of the most efficient producers, was designed.Las ventajas de tipo sanitario y comercial de Chile han dado una oportunidad única para el desarrollo de la ganadería bovina, transformándola en un nuevo polo exportador. Esta nueva oportunidad se presenta fuertemente para los pequeños productores crianceros de nuestro país, ya que son ellos los que inician el ciclo productivo de la carne bovina. El desafío para ellos está en aumentar su masa ganadera en volumen y calidad para lo cual necesitan obligatoriamente ser cada vez más eficientes en sus costos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue diseñar un modelo de estimación de costos eficientes para explotaciones ganaderas de los pequeños productores crianceros de nuestro país. Se determinaron los costos productivos reales asociados al sistema de crianza a través de una encuesta que se aplicó a pequeños productores crianceros desde la VII a la X regiones. Se determinaron además las variables relevantes que influyen en los costos de producción del sistema de crianza y las expresiones matemáticas utilizadas para cuantificar estas variables. Para determinar las mejores prácticas productivas se aplicó la técnica del Análisis Envolvente de Datos (DEA), con la cual   se identificaron los productores eficientes. El modelo de estimación de costos se basó en el concepto de eficiencia comparativa o benchmarking, por lo que se diseñó un sistema decrianza modelo o eficiente que incorpora las mejores prácticas productivas y las características técnicas de los productores más eficientes

Social capital, biocultural heritage, and commoning for inclusive sustainability of peasant agriculture: three case studies in Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile = Capital social, patrimônio biocultural e bens comuns para a sustentabilidade inclusiva da agricultura camponesa: três estudos de caso na Argentina, Bolívia e Chile

Social issues and theoretical background: the sustainability of human societies depends on the intergenerational transmission of capital stocks, whether natural, social or economic. With ever more competition for economic resources, sustainability must increasingly focus on the mutual reinforcement of social and natural capitals. This perspective is particularly relevant for peasant agriculture and producers, who are constantly at risk of social and economic exclusion, but whose social and natural capitals remain important, though often underutilized, even by the peasants themselves. The concepts of commoning and social capital are useful for addressing these issues and activating biocultural heritage from an ethically inclusive sustainability perspective. Objective and methods: We seek to understand how peasants organize to collectively achieve goals of social and economic inclusion that could promote their sustainability and resilience in the face of economic constraints. Using field surveys and participatory action research, we analyzed the social, economic, and environmental factors that fostered the emergence and sustainability of producer organizations and their value chains. This was done in three peasant organizations in Argentina, Bolivia and Chile, whose common starting point is the valorization of traditional quinoa grain, but which differ greatly in terms of size, internal dynamics and organizational trajectories. Results: The successes and challenges of the social innovations implemented in the three cases studied provide lessons on how farmers can mobilize their social capital and leverage the resources of their cultural and natural capitals to achieve ethically inclusive sustainability. While some lessons remain context-specific, others appear to be independent of the size and place of organizations, and several demonstrate the importance of socio-ethical interactions cultivated both within organizations and with consumers.Problemática social e fundamento teórico: A sustentabilidade das sociedades humanas depende da transmissão intergeracional dos estoques de capital, sejam eles naturais, sociais ou econômicos. Com a concorrência crescente por recursos econômicos, a sustentabilidade deve se concentrar cada vez mais no reforço mútuo do capital social e natural. Esta perspectiva é particularmente relevante para a agricultura camponesa e para os produtores sob constante ameaça de exclusão social e econômica, mas cujo capital social e natural permanece importante, embora frequentemente subutilizado, mesmo pelos próprios camponeses. Os conceitos de capital social e bens comuns são úteis para abordar estas questões e ativar o patrimônio biocultural a partir de uma perspectiva de sustentabilidade eticamente inclusiva. Objetivos e métodos: Procuramos entender como os camponeses se organizam para alcançar coletivamente objetivos de inclusão social e econômica que possam promover sua sustentabilidade e resiliência diante das restrições econômicas. Utilizando pesquisas de campo e pesquisa-ação participativa, analisamos os fatores sociais, econômicos e ambientais que promoveram o surgimento e a sustentabilidade das organizações de produtores e suas cadeias de valor. Fizemos isso em três organizações camponesas na Argentina, Bolívia e Chile, que compartilham um ponto de partida comum em torno da valorização do grão tradicional de quinoa, mas variam muito em termos de tamanho, dinâmica interna e trajetórias organizacionais. Resultados: Os sucessos e desafios das inovações sociais implementadas nos três casos estudados fornecem lições sobre como os agricultores mobilizam seu capital social e aproveitam os recursos de seu capital cultural e natural para alcançar a sustentabilidade eticamente inclusiva. Enquanto algumas lições permanecem específicas do contexto, outras parecem ser independentes do tamanho e do lugar das organizações, e várias demonstram a importância das interações sócio-éticas mantidas tanto dentro das organizações quanto com os consumidores.IPAF Región NoroesteFil: Núñez-Carrasco, Lizbeth. Universidad Católica del Maule. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales; Chile.Fil: Cladera, Jorge. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Tilcara; ArgentinaFil: Cruz, Pablo José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad Ejecutora en Ciencias Sociales Regionales y Humanidades; ArgentinaFil: Cruz, Pablo José. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Unidad Ejecutora en Ciencias Sociales Regionales y Humanidades; ArgentinaFil: Egan, Nancy. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad Ejecutora en Ciencias Sociales Regionales y Humanidades; ArgentinaFil: Egan, Nancy. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Unidad Ejecutora en Ciencias Sociales Regionales y Humanidades; ArgentinaFil: Figlioli, Gabriela Andrea. Provincia de Jujuy. Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca; ArgentinaFil: Godoy Garraza, Gastón. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto De Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Agricultura Familiar Región NOA; Argentina.Fil: Golsberg, Celeste. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto De Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Agricultura Familiar Región NOA; Argentina.Fil: Quiñones-Díaz, Ximena. Universidad Católica del Maule. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales; ChileFil: Sáez-Tonacca, Luis. Universidad de Santiago de Chile. Facultad Tecnológica; Chile.Fil: Vieira-Pak, Manuela. Independant Consultant associated to LISODE; FranciaFil: Winkel, Thierry. Universite Paul - Valery Montpellier-CNRS. Centre d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement; Franci

The presumed environmental and social disaster of Quinua Real: dismantling clichés to strengthen ethics

El auge de la quinua genera un vivo debate sobre sus impactos sociales y ecológicos en el altiplano sur de Bolivia, primer exportador mundial. Un análisis interdisciplinario permite poner en perspectiva los cambios ocurridos desde hace más de 40 años. Sin negar la necesidad de un apoyo a las dinámicas agrarias locales en torno a la quinua, se contestan aquellas afirmaciones que aseguran la insustentabilidad de la producción en el sur de Bolivia.Fil: Winkel, Thierry. No especifíca;Fil: Cruz, Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Álvarez Flores, Ricardo. No especifíca;Fil: Bertero, Daniel. No especifíca;Fil: Del Castillo, Carmen. No especifíca;Fil: Gasselin, Pierre. No especifíca;Fil: Joffre, Richard. No especifíca;Fil: Peredo Parada, Santiago. No especifíca;Fil: Sáez Tonacca, Luis. No especifíca;Fil: Vassas Toral, Anais. No especifíca;Fil: Vieira Pak, Manuela. No especifíca

CONSIDERACIONES PARA ENSEÑAR A DETECTAR OPORTUNIDADES DE NEGOCIOS A ESTUDIANTES DEL ÁMBITO AGROALIMENTARIO EN CHILE

Given the short supply of text, that applying marketing concepts to the Agribusiness area, showing how to spot business opportunities, it is presented a proposal on how to support students in these areas. The instruction given to students includes market-related concepts, from which they are proposed and are advised, to start from consumers' needs, generate ideas and assess them; which is adequate if those needs are known. Probably, those who have experience, can previously spot business opportunities, and even, they can assess its success degree, nevertheless, convey such experience to students (or to producers) is very complex. To achieve that, three sources of ideas are proposed, unsatisfied needs, due to either increased demand or restricted productions; solving the so-called negative externalities due to business activities; and detecting silent needs, which are those that despite be need, people don't know or don't realize they need, leading to more innovative ideas, difficult to copy, and therefore to greater differentiation

Diseño de un modelo de estimación de costos eficientes para explotaciones ganaderas de pequeños productores crianceros ubicados entre las regiones del Maule y de los Lagos

The sanitary and commercial advantages of Chile have given the only opportunity for the development of stockbreeding bovine, transforming it in a new opportunity is strongly presented for the small breeding producers of our country, since that they are who initiate the productive cycle of bovine meat.The challenge for them is based on increasing their stock breeder mass, in volume and quality, for this reason, they obligatory need to be more efficient in their costs. The objective of this investigation was the designing of an efficient evaluation cost model for the stock breeder exploitation of the small producersof our country. The real productive costs, associated to the system of breeding, were determined through a survey applied to the small stockbreeder producers from the VII to the X regions. Besides, the relevant variables that influence in cost of production of system of breeding and mathematics expressions used forquantify these variables, were determined. For determining the better productive practices it was applied the technique of data evolvement analysis, by means of which the efficient producers were identified. The model of evaluation costs was based on the concept of comparative efficiency or benchmarking, by meansof which, an efficient system of breeding that incorporated the best productive practices and technical characteristics of the most efficient producers, was designed.Las ventajas de tipo sanitario y comercial de Chile han dado una oportunidad única para el desarrollo de la ganadería bovina, transformándola en un nuevo polo exportador. Esta nueva oportunidad se presenta fuertemente para los pequeños productores crianceros de nuestro país, ya que son ellos los que inician el ciclo productivo de la carne bovina. El desafío para ellos está en aumentar su masa ganadera en volumen y calidad para lo cual necesitan obligatoriamente ser cada vez más eficientes en sus costos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue diseñar un modelo de estimación de costos eficientes para explotaciones ganaderas de los pequeños productores crianceros de nuestro país. Se determinaron los costos productivos reales asociados al sistema de crianza a través de una encuesta que se aplicó a pequeños productores crianceros desde la VII a la X regiones. Se determinaron además las variables relevantes que influyen en los costos de producción del sistema de crianza y las expresiones matemáticas utilizadas para cuantificar estas variables. Para determinar las mejores prácticas productivas se aplicó la técnica del Análisis Envolvente de Datos (DEA), con la cual   se identificaron los productores eficientes. El modelo de estimación de costos se basó en el concepto de eficiencia comparativa o benchmarking, por lo que se diseñó un sistema decrianza modelo o eficiente que incorpora las mejores prácticas productivas y las características técnicas de los productores más eficientes

Uso de harina de hojas de quínoa (Chenopodium quinoa) como ingrediente innovador, para la elaboración de alimentos de uso humano

ABSTRACT Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) is a widely cultivated pseudo-cereal in Andean countries, with high genetic variability, adaptability and low production cost, reason why their grains are a highly important source of food in countries such as Bolivia and Equator, where quinoa leaves are also used as vegetables. In this context, the idea of dehydrating quinoa leaves arises as new ingredient alternative for human consumption. On the first stage of study, yield on green quinoa leaves cultivated at the Bernardo O´Higgins region was measured, later; collected leaves were dehydrated and grounded in order to make quinoa leaves flour. On the second stage, quinoa leaves flour was used to prepare oat biscuits with decreasing amounts of quinoa leaves flour at 20, 15 and 10% respectively. The results indicate that there are differences in acceptability depending on the level of incorporation of leaf meal. Additionally, the willingness of the participants to purchase other products that included quinoa leaf meal was evaluated.RESUMEN La quínoa (Chenopodium quinoa) es un pseudocereal cultivado ampliamente en países andinos, con alta variabilidad genética, adaptabilidad y bajo costo de producción, razón por la cual sus granos constituyen un alimento de gran importancia en países como Bolivia y Ecuador, donde además las hojas del quínoa se emplean también como hortalizas. En este contexto, surge la idea de deshidratar hojas de quínoa para elaborar harina de hojas, como una alternativa de nuevo producto en la elaboración de alimentos para consumo humano. En primera instancia se midió el rendimiento de hojas verdes recolectadas en un predio ubicado en la región del Libertador Bernardo O´Higgins, posteriormente, las hojas recolectadas fueron deshidratadas y molidas a fin de elaborar harina de hojas de quínoa. En la segunda etapa del estudio, se empleó la harina de hojas en la elaboración de galletas de avena con niveles decrecientes de incorporación al 20, 15 y 10% de harina de hojas respectivamente. Los resultados sugieren que existen diferencias en la aceptabilidad en función del nivel de incorporación de harina de hojas. Adicionalmente se evaluó la disposición por parte de los participantes a adquirir otros productos que incluyeran harina de hojas de quínoa

Calling for a reappraisal of the impact of quinoa expansion on agricultural sustainability in the Andean highlands

International audienceThe debate on the environmental and social sustentainability of quinoa in its area of major world production (southern highlands of Bolivia) revived with the acceptance by the United Nations of the Bolivian proposal to declare in 2013 as the Year of the Quinoa. Public debate focused on local impacts of quinoa expansion in the Southern highlands of Bolivia, denouncing several negative impacts of quinoa culture such as land degradation, socioeconomic disrupts and biodiversity loss. However, the global or at least the international implications of the expanding quinoa market were less debated and often in caricature, varying between culpability and ingenuity among consumers, while Andean producers were described as trapped by poverty or short sighted greed. If researchers are to make a relevant contribution to the debate on the impact of quinoa expansion on the social and environmental sustainability of the Andean agriculture, is it necessary to re-evaluate present knowledge and ignorance about local Andean production systems integrated with links at the global scales, taking into account local- global interactions. In the present paper are revisited some major ill- founded assertions commonly expressed in this debate and three lines of arguments are used to support the need for a more cautious and ethical approach to quinoa related issues.Llamado a una revaluación del impacto de la expansión del cultivo de quinua sobre la sostenibilidad agrícola en el altiplano andino ABSTRACT The debate on the environmental and social sustentainability of quinoa in its area of major world production (southern highlands of Bolivia) revived with the acceptance by the United Nations of the Bolivian proposal to declare in 2013 as the Year of the Quinoa. Public debate focused on local impacts of quinoa expansion in the Southern highlands of Bolivia, denouncing several negative impacts of quinoa culture such as land degradation, socioeconomic disrupts and biodiversity loss. However, the global or at least the international implications of the expanding quinoa market were less debated and often in caricature , varying between culpability and ingenuity among consumers, while Andean producers were described as trapped by poverty or short sighted greed. If researchers are to make a relevant contribution to the debate on the impact of quinoa expansion on the social and environmental sustainability of the Andean agriculture, is it necessary to re-evaluate present knowledge and ignorance about local Andean production systems integrated with links at the global scales, taking into account local-global interactions. In the present paper are revisited some major ill-founded assertions commonly expressed in this debate and three lines of arguments are used to support the need for a more cautious and ethical approach to quinoa related issues. RESUMEN El debate sobre la sustentabilidad ambiental y social de la quínoa en el área de mayor producción en el mundo (tierras Andinas del sur de Bolivia) revivió con la aceptación por las Naciones Unidas de la propuesta de Bolivia de declarar el año 2013 como el Año Internacional de la Quínoa. El debate público se focalizó en los impactos locales de la expansión de la quínoa en las tierras Andinas del sur de Bolivia, denunciando diversos impactos negativos del cultivo de la quínoa tales como la degradación del suelo, conflictos socioeconómicos y pérdida de biodiversidad. Sin embargo, las implicancias internacionales o globales de la expansión del mercado de la quínoa fue menos debatido y a menudo cariturizado, fluctuando entre culpabilidad e ingenuidad entre consumidores en tanto que productores Andinos eran descritos como atrapados por la pobreza o una avaricia miope. Si los investigadores han de hacer un aporte relevante al debate del impacto de la expansión de la quínoa sobre la sustentabili-dad social y ambiental de la agricultura Andina, entonces es necesario reevaluar el conocimiento e ignorancia actual sobre los sistemas de producción andina en forma integrada con escalas globales, teniendo presente las interacciones locales-globales. En el presente estudio son revisadas algunas aseveraciones desafortunadas más importantes expresadas en este debate utilizando tras clases de argumentos para fundamentar la necesidad de un enfoque más cauto y ético en los problemas relacionados con la quínoa. Palabras clave: debate, biodiversidad, socioecológico

La (in)sostenibilidad de la quinua en el altiplano andino: ¿mito o realidad?

International audienc

Social capital, biocultural heritage and commoning for ethical and inclusive sustainability of peasant agriculture: three case studies in Argentina, Bolivia and Chile

Societal issue and theoretical background: The sustainability of human societies relies on the intergenerational transmission of capital stocks, whether natural, social, or economic. With ever more competition for economic resources, the sustainability of societies must increasingly focus on the mutual reinforcement of social and natural capitals. This perspective is particularly relevant for peasant agriculture, under constant threat of social and economic exclusion, but whose social and natural capitals remain important though often underused by the peasants themselves. The concepts of commoning and social capital are useful for addressing these issues and activating biocultural heritage from an inclusive sustainability perspective. Objectives and methods: We seek to understand how peasants organize themselves to collectively achieve social and economic inclusion goals that could promote their sustainability and resilience in the face of economic constraints. Using field surveys and participatory-action research, we analyzed the social, economic, and environmental factors that foster the emergence and sustainability of producer organizations and their value chains. We did so in three peasant organizations in Argentina, Bolivia and Chile, which share a common starting point around valorisation of traditional quinoa crops, but vary greatly in terms of size, internal dynamics, and subsequent organisational trajectories. Results: The successes and challenges of the social innovations implemented in the three cases studied provide lessons on how farmers mobilise their social capital and harness the resources of their cultural and natural capital to achieve inclusive sustainability. While some lessons remain context-specific, others appear to be independent of the size and place of the organizations, and several demonstrate the importance of the social interactions maintained both within the organizations and with the end consumers