MÉTODO DA FOLHA DESTACADA PARA AVALIAR RESISTÊNCIA DA SOJA AO OÍDIO

The soybean Powdery Mildew caused by Microsphaera diffusa Cooke & Perk has been causing sporadic losses in Brazil, estimated around 40% at the 96/97 crop season. The potential risk represented by this disease for the soybean crop justifies studies that allow us to know more about the epidemiology of this pathogen in our country. The Modified Detached Leaf Method (MFDM), carried out in vitro in the laboratory, was just as efficient as the tests carried out in the greenhouse or at the field to evaluate the resistance of 10 soybean cultivars. In these tests the cultivars FT - 10, FT - 5, IAC - 100 and MG/BR - 46 (Conquista) were resistant to the pathogen, BRS 133 and FT - Jatobá were moderately resistant, EMBRAPA - 48 was susceptible and BR - 16, FT - Estrela and Coodetec 201 were highly susceptible. With the MFDM, the more suitable foliar stages for the inoculation were the V1, V2 and the V3 due to presenting more vitality, survival and root taking. The inoculum concentration of 1.5 x 107 and 1.5 x 108 were more eficient and as an inoculation method, the spraying method presented a better performance when compared to the pipeting and the sprinkle method. From a total of 52 species of plants from the weed inoculated at the green house with the pathogen, 3 new hosts were observed: Galinsoga parviflora, Physalis angulata e Sonchus oleraceus, not to mention the confirmation of others already reported in different countries and in Brazil. The frequence of plants from the weed at the soybean crop fields, other then representing an inoculum source in the crop season, may be responsible for the pathogen maintenance between the harvest period. The frequence of plants from the weed at the soybean crop fields, other then representing an inoculum source in the crop season, may be responsible for the pathogen maintenance between the harvest period. During this research the presence of the sexual phase of the fungi was not observed, even in laboratory conditions, when the natural environmental conditions were manipulated, even in the commercial fields surveys carried out in Paraná State and Goiás State.O oídio da soja causado por Microsphaera diffusa Cooke & Perk tem causado no Brasil perdas esporádicas, que foram da ordem de 40% na safra de 96/97. O perigo potencial representado por esta doença para a cultura da soja justifica estudos que permitam conhecer a epidemiologia do patógeno em nosso País. O Método da Folha Destacada Modificado (MFDM), realizado in vitro em laboratório, foi tão eficiente quanto os testes em casa de vegetação e campo, para avaliação da resistência de 10 cultivares de soja. Nestes testes as cultivares FT- 10, FT - 15, IAC - 100 e MG/BR - 46 (Conquista) foram resistentes ao patógeno, BRS 133 e FT - Jatobá, moderadamente resistentes, EMBRAPA 48, suscetível e BR - 16, FT - Estrela e Coodetec - 201, altamente suscetíveis. No MFDM os estádios foliares mais adequados para inoculação foram V1, V2 e V3 por apresentarem maior vitalidade, sobrevivência e enraizamento. As concentrações de inóculo de 1.5 x 107 e 1.5 x 108 foram as mais eficientes e como método de inoculação o da pulverização foi superior ao da pipetagem e polvilhamento. De um total de 52 espécies de plantas invasoras inoculadas em casa de vegetação com o patógeno, 3 novos hospedeiros foram observados: Galinsoga parviflora, Physalis angulata e Sonchus oleraceus, além da confirmação de outros, já relatados, em outros países e no Brasil. A freqüência de plantas invasoras nos campos de soja, além de representarem uma fonte de inóculo na safra, poderão estar sendo responsáveis pela manutenção do patógeno na entressafra. No decorrer dos experimentos não foi observada a presença da fase sexual do fungo, tanto em condições de laboratório, quando foram manipuladas as condições ambientais, quanto nos levantamentos realizados em plantios comerciais nos Estados do Paraná e Goiás

Photodynamic Inactivation of <em>Escherichia coli</em> with Cationic Porphyrin Sensitizers

The activity of singlet-oxygen sensitizers for photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of microorganisms and photodynamic therapy of tumor cells has been evaluated using Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and human cancer cell lines. In this chapter, drug resistance of E. coli was examined based on the PDI activity of a variety of RPy-P-porphyrin sensitizers with different number of ionic valence and different hydrophobic characters. The PDI activities toward E. coli were evaluated using the minimum effective concentrations ([P]) of the porphyrin sensitizers. It was found that the [P] value for E. coli was larger than that for S. cerevisiae. E. coli has drug-resistance toward hydrophobic and mono-cationic porphyrins. However, E. coli has weak drug-resistance toward the porphyrins with both polycationic character and hydrophobicity. Since the outer membrane mainly consists of lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids that are negatively charged, cationic porphyrins are able to adsorb to the outer leaflet. Then the cationic porphyrins with hydrophobic character can interact with not only the outer leaflet but also inner leaflet of the outer membrane and the plasma membrane. Thus, porphyrins may be incorporated inside E. coli cells via the self-promoted uptake pathway. Moreover, polycationic porphyrins can interact with DNA and proteins by strong binding affinities

推量を表すmustに関する一考察

本稿の目的は、推量を表す助動詞mustについて、未来時に対する言及という観点から、その意味的特徴を明らかにすることである。推量のmustは、通例、未来の事態に対して言及できないとされている。しかし、小澤（2014）も指摘しているように、数は少ないとはいえ、未来時に言及している例が存在する。そのような例に対して、澤田（2006）の主張に反し、確実性もしくは現在との結びつきを示す要素・文脈がある場合、推量のmustは未来時に言及できるということ示す。さらに、映画の例を用いて、コミュニカティブな観点から推量のmustを捉えると、話し手が未来時に事が確実に起こると思い込んでいる、もしくは、確実に起こることをアピールする意味合いがあることが読み取れる。最後に、推量のmustの特徴をより明らかにするために、確信の度合いと未来時への言及の観点から、似た意味を持つ表現として挙げられるbe bound to～との比較を試みる

距離感をもたらす英語表現 ―効果的な文法指導法を求めて―

英語のｺﾐｭﾆｹｰｼｮﾝ能力向上のための指導法についてはこれまで多く議論されてきたが､文法指導とｺﾐｭﾆｶﾃｨﾌﾞな学習とを統合する指導法についてはあまり議論されていない｡これはｺﾐｭﾆｹｰｼｮﾝ能力が文法の基礎力なしで向上することを暗示していると捉えられるかもしれない｡また､このような見方で学習をする学習者は､文法学習を機械的な暗記による活動として捉えかねない｡本研究は､｢情報や考えを理解し､適切に伝えるｺﾐｭﾆｹｰｼｮﾝ能力｣の向上を目的とし､効果的なｺﾐｭﾆｶﾃｨﾌﾞ文法指導法について考察する｡さらに､学習者にとって文脈の理解が助けとなる映画を利用した指導法について述べる｡具体的には､過去形の｢ｺｱ｣である距離感に焦点をあて､助動詞 will と would や wonder を使った構文と wondered や was wondering を使った構文の丁寧さの度合いを理解できる方法について言及する｡最後に､過去形のｺｱを活用して仮定法過去の指導法についても述べる｡While methodologies to improve communication skills have been widely discussed, little attention has paid to discover effective ways to integrate grammar teaching into communicative English learning. This implies that communication skills can be developed without creating a grammar foundation. Studies done in this fashion not only ignore, but also limit a holistic view of English abilities. Further, these learners learn grammar as only mechanical memorization-centered and drill-based activities. In this study, the author explains the importance of creating effective methodologies for teaching communicative grammar with the purpose of enhancing "communication skills to understand and convey information and ideas properly" (emphasis added). The author also demonstrates grammar teaching activities using movies, which can be helpful for learners to foster both their communicative skills and grammatical understanding since they can obtain contextual knowledge. This paper focuses mainly on locating "the core" of past tense form, conveying a sense of distance. Based on this, how to have learners understand the degree of politeness such as the differences between the auxiliary verb will and would and the construction using the word / phrase wonder and wondered / was wondering is explored in this paper. Finally, the author introduces a teaching method for subjunctive past using the core

後天性血友病A (抗C2 自己抗体)の凝固機能低下におけるFX 複合体阻害様式の解明

Acquired haemophilia A (AHA) is caused by the development of factor (F)VIII autoantibodies, demonstrating type 1 or type 2 inhibitory behaviour, and results in more serious haemorrhagic symptoms than in congenital severe HA. The reason(s) for this remains unknown, however. The global coagulation assays, thrombin generation tests and clot waveform analysis, demonstrated that coagulation parameters in patients with AHA-type 2 inhibitor were more significantly depressed than those in patients with moderate HA with similar FVIII activities. Thrombin and intrinsic FXa generation tests were significantly depressed in AHA-type 1 and AHA-type 2 compared to severe HA, and more defective in AHA-type 1 than in AHA-type 2. To investigate these inhibitory mechanism(s), anti-FVIII autoantibodies were purified from AHA plasmas. AHA-type 1 autoantibodies, containing an anti-C2 ESH4-epitope, blocked FVIII(a)-phospholipid binding, whilst AHA-type 2, containing an anti-C2 ESH8-epitope, inhibited thrombin-catalysed FVIII activation. The coagulation function in a reconstituted AHA-model containing exogenous ESH4 or ESH8 was more abnormal than in severe HA. The addition of anti-FIX antibody to FVIII-deficient plasma resulted in lower coagulation function than its absence. These results support the concept that global coagulation might be more suppressed in AHA than in severe HA due to the inhibition of FIXa-dependent FX activation by steric hindrance in the presence of FVIII-anti-C2 autoantibodies. Additionally, AHA-type 1 inhibitors prevented FVIIIa-phospholipid binding, essential for the tenase complex, whilst AHA-type 2 antibodies decreased FXa generation by inhibiting thrombin-catalysed FVIII activation. These two distinct mechanisms might, in part, contribute to and exacerbate the serious haemorrhagic symptoms in AHA.博士（医学）・乙第1298号・平成24年5月28日© Schattauer Publishers, Stuttgart, 201

Método da folha destacada para avaliar resistęncia da soja ao oídio /

Orientadora: Maria Lúcia R.Z.da Costa LimaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Cięncias Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduaçăo em Agronomia. Defesa: Curitiba, 2001Inclui bibliografia e anexosÁrea de concentraçăo: Produçăo vegeta

Long-duration nano-second single pulse lasers for observation of spectra from bulk liquids at high hydrostatic pressures

AbstractThe influence of laser pulse duration on the spectral emissions observed from bulk ionic solutions has been investigated for hydrostatic pressures between 0.1 and 30MPa. Transient pressure, shadowgraph imaging and spectroscopic measurements were performed for single pulses of duration 20 and 150ns. The transient pressure measurements show that for hydrostatic pressures up to 30MPa, propagation of the high-pressure shockwave generated by the focused laser causes the local pressure to reduce below ambient levels during the time frame that spectroscopic measurements can be made. The pressure impulse and subsequent reduction in pressure are larger, with the latter lasting longer for the 150ns pulse compared to a 20ns pulse of the same energy. The 150ns pulse generates larger cavities with significant enhancement of the spectral emissions observed compared to the 20ns duration pulse for pressures up to 30MPa. The results demonstrate that laser-induced breakdown using a long ns duration pulse offers an advantage over conventional, short ns duration pulses for the analysis of bulk ionic solutions at hydrostatic pressures between 0.1 and 30MPa