Using 2-Opt based evolution strategy for travelling salesman problem

Harmony search algorithm that matches the (µ+ 1) evolution strategy, is a heuristic method simulated by the process of music improvisation. In this paper, a harmony search algorithm is directly used for the travelling salesman problem. Instead of conventional selection operators such as roulette wheel, the transformation of real number values of harmony search algorithm to order index of vertex representation and improvement of solutions are obtained by using the 2-Opt local search algorithm. Then, the obtained algorithm is tested on two different parameter groups of TSPLIB. The proposed method is compared with classical 2-Opt which randomly started at each step and best known solutions of test instances from TSPLIB. It is seen that the proposed algorithm offers valuable solutions

Physics-inspired optimization algorithm for obtaining initial routes of capacitated vehicle routing problem

Capacitated vehicle routing problem (CVRP) is NP-Hard and computing exact solutions in real life situations is mostly infeasible. Therefore, heuristic methods are used as an alternative. In heuristic methods the quality of the final solution is directly related with the initial solution space. In this study, artificial physics based optimization algorithm is applied to CVRP in order to obtain the initial population pool of a heuristic method. The A, B and P group 74 test instances of Augerat et al are considered. The group average deviations of the initial solutions from best known solutions is calculated as 37.95%, 32.10% and 31.45% for A, B and P groups respectively. Then, a conventional genetic algorithm (GA) with one point crossover and one point mutation is chosen as a heuristic search algorithm and the initial solutions obtained are used for the first generation of the GA. The GA is executed 1000 generations with crossover and mutation rates as 0.9 and 0.1, respectively. For each problem, GA is executed 10 times and best output is recorded. As a result, 7.15%, 4.37% and 6.33% group average deviations are obtained after heuristic search

Benthic community zonation from mesophotic to deep sea: Description of first deep-water kelp forest and coral gardens in the Madeira archipelago (central NE Atlantic)

The Madeira archipelago has a unique underwater landscape that is characterised by narrow shelves, steep slopes and a large submarine tributary system that boosts primary productivity in oligotrophic waters and thus offers a potential for hotspots of biodiversity. Despite this, there have been limited deep-water exploration activities with less than five expeditions since the 1960s. Here, we investigated the seabed on the southern side of the Madeira-Desertas Ridge using a manned submersible along a 3.8 km long transect starting at 366 m depth up the ridge shelf until its top at 73 m. Benthic habitats and community composition were documented with video along a depth gradient from mesophotic to deep sea. Six distinct biotopes were recognised (three deeper, and three shallower than 115 m depth). Our results showed a rich biodiversity with deep biotopes characterised by sponges and non-reef-building corals (e.g., Pachastrella monilifera, Viminella flagellum, Eunicella verrucosa) and shallow biotopes comprising macroalgae and the gorgonian Paramuricea cf. grayi. The pronounced benthic zonation reflects the steep environmental gradient that includes high topographic variation, heterogeneous substrates, and bidirectional regular wave-motion at the shallow mesophotic part. Together with biotic factors, such as low density of sea urchins and presence of predatory fish, this environment with unusual deep light penetration, a mesoscale cyclonic eddy, and deep wave-motion, has allowed the establishment of a mature deep-water kelp population of Laminaria ochroleuca in the plateau (max. >100 individuals p/100 m2). At the same time, a conspicuous coral fauna was observed on a wide range of soft to hard bottoms with several species taking advantage of the favourable hydrodynamic regime and seawater properties together with substratum availability to create coral gardens. These habitats were previously not known from Madeira, and their newfound discovery in the archipelago merit further investigation and protection.publishedVersio

The influence of the Eastern Mediterranean transient in the Aegean sea

Çalışma, Doğu Akdeniz Taşınımının (Eastern Mediterranean Transient, EMT), Ege Denizi'ne olan etkilerini uzun süreli meteorolojik ve oşinografik veriler kullanarak ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. EMT süreci, birçok farklı kaynaktan elde edilen veriler kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Atmosferik etkileri araştırmak amacıyla, Devlet Meteoroloji İşleri'nden uzun süreli rüzgar yönü ve şiddeti, atmosfer basıncı, hava sıcaklığı, yağış, buharlaşma, yüzey suyu sıcaklığı ve deniz suyu sıcaklığı verileri temin edilmiştir. Uzun dönemli CTD değişimleri Deniz Bilimleri ve Teknolojisi Enstitüsü (DBTE) ve Seyir Hidrografi ve Oşinografi Dairesi 'den (SHOD) elde edilen veriler kullanılarak araştırılmıştır. Yüzey suyu sıcaklığının zamana ve mekana bağlı değişimleri AVHRR Pathfinder beşinci sürüm uydu verileri kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmada, eldeki veriler doğrultusunca uzun dönemli mevsimsel değişimler EMT süreci göz önüne alınarak incelenmektedir. Ayrıca, NAOI ve NCPI aracılığı ile uzun dönemli meteorolojik olayların etkileri incelenmektedir. Sonuç olarak çalışma, Doğu Akdeniz Taşınımının Ege Denizi'ne olan etkilerinin araştırılmasının yanında, Ege Denizi genel yüzey sirkülasyonunu, Ege Denizi'nin diğer havzalar ile ilişkilerini ve Ege Denizi'ndeki atmosfer deniz etkileşimleri üzerine bir araştırma ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Birçok farklı sürecin etkin olduğu EMT sürecinde, hava sıcaklıklarında görülen düşüşün ve yağış değişimlerinin etkinliği görülmektedir. Kış dönemi hava sıcaklığı ve NCPI arasında yüksek korelasyon değerleri bulunmaktadır. CTD analizleri Saros ve Gökçeada bölgelerinde, su kolonundaki yoğunluk seviyelerindeki artışların sıcaklık düşüşlerine bağlı olduğunu göstermektedir. This study, by using long term meteorological and oceanographic data, aims to display the effects of the Eastern Mediterranean Transient (EMT) on the Aegean Sea. The EMT process has been analyzed by using data derived from various sources. In order to ascertain the atmospheric effects, long term wind direction and force, atmospheric pressure, air temperature, precipitation, evaporation, surface water temperature and sea water temperature data have been obtained from the Turkish State Meteorological Service. The long term CTD changes have been ascertained with data acquired from the Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology and the Office of Navigation, Hydrography and Oceanography. The changes in the surface water temperature based on time and location have been analyzed by using AVHRR Pathfinder version five data. In the study, in accordance with the data on hand, the long term seasonal changes are analyzed by considering the EMT process. Also, through the North Atlantic Oscillation and the North Sea Caspian Patter indexes, the effects of the long term meteorological events are observed. In conclusion, the study, aside from analyzing the effects of the East Mediterranean movement on the Aegean Sea, aims to put forth an inquiry on the overall surface circulation of the Aegean Sea, the relation of the Aegean Sea to the other basins and on the atmosphere sea interactions in the Aegean Sea. During the EMT process, where a lot of different processes are effective, the effects of observed fall of air temperatures and precipitation changes can be seen. High correlation values can be found between the winter time air temperature and NCPI. The CTD analysis shows that the increase in the density levels of the water column in the Saros and Gokceada regions are in relation to the fall of the temperatures

Climatologyand Variability of Sea Surface Temperature in the Region of Turkish Straits System, 1982-2021

This study focuses on spatio-temporal climatology and long-term variability of sea surface temperature (SST) in the region of Turkish Straits System for the period 1980-2021. For this purpose, daily SST data from the Advanced Very High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) version 5.3 were used. From this dataset, 40 years of monthly, seasonal, and yearly mean SST time series and spatial fields and their descriptive statistics were calculated. In addition, daily air temperature and sea temperature data that obtained from the Turkish State Meteorological Service (TSMS) for the period 1980-2021 were analysed and compared with AVHRR SST data. Interannual and interdecadal variability of the SST was investigated by using linear trend analysis. The results of this study showed that all regions are experiencing a steady warming trend. In comparison to the north Aegean Sea (0.050 °C.yr-1) and the western Black Sea (0.060 °C.yr-1), the Sea of Marmara shows the largest positive SST annual mean trend (0.064 °C.yr-1). The basin-averaged yearly mean SST anomalies exhibits a similar variability and pattern across all regions: From 1982 to 1998, negative anomalies dominant, from 1999 to 2006, anomalies generally fluctuate around normal, and from 2007 onward, positive anomalies predominant. The seasonal cycle is strong for all regions, with lower SST values in the winter months (January, February, and March) and higher SST values in the summer (July, August and September). From one decade to the next, the SST values in the seasonal cycle gradually increasing. According to the monthly mean climatic SST fields, due to the seasonal upwelling, the eastern Aegean Sea coast experiences lower SST values in the summer compared to all other regions. These findings imply that, over the 40-year study period, the SST values have consistently increased for all regions.</p

Geographic Information Systems of Historic Residental Areas and Archaeological Structures : A Case Study of Denizli

Yapılan arkeolojik çalışmalar her geçen gün yeni bir kültürel mirası gün ışığına çıkarmaktadır. Bu mirasa ait verilerin saklanması, sınıflandırılması, analiz edilmesi ve bir çok kullanıcı tarafından kolay ulaşılabilir olması için sayısallaştırılması gerekmektedir. Arkeolojik değerlere ait öznitelik verilerinin yanında, konumsal bilgileri de içerdiğinden, uygulamanın CBS destekli olması gerekir. Uzun bir geçmişe sahip olan Denizli, sahip olduğu arkeolojik değerleri ile turizmin önde gelen noktalarından birisidir. Bu çalışmada güncel yazılımlar ile Denizli ili sınırları içerisinde yer alan tarihi yerleşim alanı ve yapılar örnek alınarak, konumsal veri tabanı ve kullanıcı ara yüzü modeli geliştirilmiştir. Web sunucusu üzerinden çalışan CBS modeli, birbirinden bağımsız çalışma prensibine sahip altı farklı yazılım teknolojisinin etkileşimli hale getirilmesi ile elde edilerek;tarihi yerleşim ve arkeolojik yapılar ile ilgili bilgi almak isteyen tüm ziyaretçilere önemli yerleşim ve yapıların nerede bulunduklarını, nasıl ulaşabileceklerini, tarihini, ilgili akademik çalışmaların yanı sıra görsel bilgileri de sunmaktadır.CBS harita işleme programı olarak Pitney Bowes MapInfo Professional, mekânsal veri tabanı olarak Microsoft SQL Server, harita web sunucusu olarak GeoServer tercih edilmiş, dijital haritalar işlenerek Microsoft SQL Server veritabanında depolanmıştır. Bu kapsamda geliştirilen uygulama modelinin arkeolojik miras için dijital bir rehber olması amaçlanmıştır.Recent archeological searches have been revealing a new cultural heritage day by day. In order to preserve, classify and analyze the data of these heritages and make it accessible easily for the users, the data needs to be digitised. In addition to the feature data of archeological values, the application needs to be supported by GIS as it includes the locational information. Denizli, having a long history, is one of the major tourism destinations with its archeological features. In this study, the spatial database and user interface of the ancient residential areas and buildings within the borders of Denizli have been developed.This GIS model, which works on the web server, has been created via forming an interaction among six different software technologies, each of which has a seperate working discipline and it provides substantial information to the visitors such as the location of important settlements and areas, how to reach there, its history and the related academic studies. In this study, Pitney Bowes MapInfo Professional as GIS mapping program, Microsoft SQL Server as spatial database, GeoServer as map server are chosen. The processed digital maps are stored on Microsoft SQL Server database. The application model which is developed whitin this concept,aims to be a digital guide for the cultural inheritance

Geographic Information Systems of Historic Residental Areas and Archaeological Structures : A Case Study of Denizli

Yapılan arkeolojik çalışmalar her geçen gün yeni bir kültürel mirası gün ışığına çıkarmaktadır. Bu mirasa ait verilerin saklanması, sınıflandırılması, analiz edilmesi ve bir çok kullanıcı tarafından kolay ulaşılabilir olması için sayısallaştırılması gerekmektedir. Arkeolojik değerlere ait öznitelik verilerinin yanında, konumsal bilgileri de içerdiğinden, uygulamanın CBS destekli olması gerekir. Uzun bir geçmişe sahip olan Denizli, sahip olduğu arkeolojik değerleri ile turizmin önde gelen noktalarından birisidir. Bu çalışmada güncel yazılımlar ile Denizli ili sınırları içerisinde yer alan tarihi yerleşim alanı ve yapılar örnek alınarak, konumsal veri tabanı ve kullanıcı ara yüzü modeli geliştirilmiştir. Web sunucusu üzerinden çalışan CBS modeli, birbirinden bağımsız çalışma prensibine sahip altı farklı yazılım teknolojisinin etkileşimli hale getirilmesi ile elde edilerek;tarihi yerleşim ve arkeolojik yapılar ile ilgili bilgi almak isteyen tüm ziyaretçilere önemli yerleşim ve yapıların nerede bulunduklarını, nasıl ulaşabileceklerini, tarihini, ilgili akademik çalışmaların yanı sıra görsel bilgileri de sunmaktadır.CBS harita işleme programı olarak Pitney Bowes MapInfo Professional, mekânsal veri tabanı olarak Microsoft SQL Server, harita web sunucusu olarak GeoServer tercih edilmiş, dijital haritalar işlenerek Microsoft SQL Server veritabanında depolanmıştır. Bu kapsamda geliştirilen uygulama modelinin arkeolojik miras için dijital bir rehber olması amaçlanmıştır.Recent archeological searches have been revealing a new cultural heritage day by day. In order to preserve, classify and analyze the data of these heritages and make it accessible easily for the users, the data needs to be digitised. In addition to the feature data of archeological values, the application needs to be supported by GIS as it includes the locational information. Denizli, having a long history, is one of the major tourism destinations with its archeological features. In this study, the spatial database and user interface of the ancient residential areas and buildings within the borders of Denizli have been developed.This GIS model, which works on the web server, has been created via forming an interaction among six different software technologies, each of which has a seperate working discipline and it provides substantial information to the visitors such as the location of important settlements and areas, how to reach there, its history and the related academic studies. In this study, Pitney Bowes MapInfo Professional as GIS mapping program, Microsoft SQL Server as spatial database, GeoServer as map server are chosen. The processed digital maps are stored on Microsoft SQL Server database. The application model which is developed whitin this concept,aims to be a digital guide for the cultural inheritance

Benthic community zonation from mesophotic to deep sea: Description of first deep-water kelp forest and coral gardens in the Madeira archipelago (central NE Atlantic)

The Madeira archipelago has a unique underwater landscape that is characterised by narrow shelves, steep slopes and a large submarine tributary system that boosts primary productivity in oligotrophic waters and thus offers a potential for hotspots of biodiversity. Despite this, there have been limited deep-water exploration activities with less than five expeditions since the 1960s. Here, we investigated the seabed on the southern side of the Madeira-Desertas Ridge using a manned submersible along a 3.8 km long transect starting at 366 m depth up the ridge shelf until its top at 73 m. Benthic habitats and community composition were documented with video along a depth gradient from mesophotic to deep sea. Six distinct biotopes were recognised (three deeper, and three shallower than 115 m depth). Our results showed a rich biodiversity with deep biotopes characterised by sponges and non-reef-building corals (e.g., Pachastrella monilifera, Viminella flagellum, Eunicella verrucosa) and shallow biotopes comprising macroalgae and the gorgonian Paramuricea cf. grayi. The pronounced benthic zonation reflects the steep environmental gradient that includes high topographic variation, heterogeneous substrates, and bidirectional regular wave-motion at the shallow mesophotic part. Together with biotic factors, such as low density of sea urchins and presence of predatory fish, this environment with unusual deep light penetration, a mesoscale cyclonic eddy, and deep wave-motion, has allowed the establishment of a mature deep-water kelp population of Laminaria ochroleuca in the plateau (max. >100 individuals p/100 m2). At the same time, a conspicuous coral fauna was observed on a wide range of soft to hard bottoms with several species taking advantage of the favourable hydrodynamic regime and seawater properties together with substratum availability to create coral gardens. These habitats were previously not known from Madeira, and their newfound discovery in the archipelago merit further investigation and protection

DataSheet_1_Benthic community zonation from mesophotic to deep sea: Description of first deep-water kelp forest and coral gardens in the Madeira archipelago (central NE Atlantic).docx

The Madeira archipelago has a unique underwater landscape that is characterised by narrow shelves, steep slopes and a large submarine tributary system that boosts primary productivity in oligotrophic waters and thus offers a potential for hotspots of biodiversity. Despite this, there have been limited deep-water exploration activities with less than five expeditions since the 1960s. Here, we investigated the seabed on the southern side of the Madeira-Desertas Ridge using a manned submersible along a 3.8 km long transect starting at 366 m depth up the ridge shelf until its top at 73 m. Benthic habitats and community composition were documented with video along a depth gradient from mesophotic to deep sea. Six distinct biotopes were recognised (three deeper, and three shallower than 115 m depth). Our results showed a rich biodiversity with deep biotopes characterised by sponges and non-reef-building corals (e.g., Pachastrella monilifera, Viminella flagellum, Eunicella verrucosa) and shallow biotopes comprising macroalgae and the gorgonian Paramuricea cf. grayi. The pronounced benthic zonation reflects the steep environmental gradient that includes high topographic variation, heterogeneous substrates, and bidirectional regular wave-motion at the shallow mesophotic part. Together with biotic factors, such as low density of sea urchins and presence of predatory fish, this environment with unusual deep light penetration, a mesoscale cyclonic eddy, and deep wave-motion, has allowed the establishment of a mature deep-water kelp population of Laminaria ochroleuca in the plateau (max. >100 individuals p/100 m2). At the same time, a conspicuous coral fauna was observed on a wide range of soft to hard bottoms with several species taking advantage of the favourable hydrodynamic regime and seawater properties together with substratum availability to create coral gardens. These habitats were previously not known from Madeira, and their newfound discovery in the archipelago merit further investigation and protection.</p