Anti-hyperglycemic Activity in Vitro, Actuate Toxicity in Vivo and Antioxidant Activity of the Crude Extract of the Root of Plumeria alba L.

Medicinal plants are the single most productive sources for the development of drugs and play an important role in treating and preventing a variety of diseases through the world.  Plumeria alba Linn. commonly known as Tayoke-sakar-aphyu in Myanmar is one of the medicinal plants belonging to Apocynaceae family. The pharmacological studies were carried out to investigate antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, anti-hyperglycemic activity in vitro and acute toxicity in vivo. The main aim of the present research is to evaluate the biological activities of the root of Plumeria alba L, Firstly, phytochemical screening of the collected sample was performed. Elemental composition of the crude sample was examined by EDXRF (Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence) spectroscopy. Moreover three different solvents such as ethanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts of the sample were examined for their antimicrobial activities against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus pumilus, Candida albicans and E. coli by Agar- well diffusion method. The antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of the root of Plumeria alba L. was studied by DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrayl) assay. The acute toxicity of ethanol extract of the root of Plumeria alba L. on Artemia salinna were investigated. The glucose lowering activities of the water and ethanol extracts of the sample were determined by iodometric titration

Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities

Trees structure the Earth’s most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations1,2,3,4,5,6 in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth’s 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories7, we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world’s most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Impact of rapid Industrialization of Mandalay on Dokhtawady River

Analysis of water quality is required for pollution control, the assessment of environmental impacts for human beings. In this paper, it is pointed out that how the effect of industrialization of Mandalay Industrial Zone (II) impacts on Dokhtawady River. Water quality of three different sites and periods of Dokhtawady River were compared. These sites are near Shwesaryan Pagoda (Site-I), upper and lower places of Dokhtawady river that flowed Mandalay industrial sewage Ditch (Site-II and Site-III). The characteristic properties of water samples were studied by various analytical methods applying sophisticated instruments such as pH meter, spectrophotometer and conductivity meter. The physical and chemical parameters were determined such as colour, turbidity, pH, conductivity, total hardness, total alkalinity, total iron, manganese, chloride, and sulphate. Heavy metal contamination in water samples were detected by using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopic method. In addition, the biological examination of water samples was estimated. The results showed that the water samples were contaminated with some heavy metals

Evaluation of seed cane treatments on sugarcane germination in two planting methods

The experiments were conducted in the glasshouse of Sugarcane Research and Development Farm, Pyinmana to evaluate the effect of seed cane treatments on sugarcane germination of K-95/84 variety in two planting methods from August-October 2015 and June-August 2016. The glasshouse experiments were conducted in 2*4 factorial arrangement in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCB) with three replications. It evaluated two different planting methods (single budded setts and three budded setts) with pre-planting treatments by using different levels of lime (0, 7.5, 15, 22.5 g l‾¹), different levels of topsin fungicide (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 g l‾¹) and different degree of hot water (0, 50, 52, 54°C). Single budded setts gave the earliest and higher percentage of germination than three budded setts. Among the pre-planting treatments, the earliest and higher percentage of germination was obtained from the lowest level of lime 7.5 g l‾¹ (L₁), topsin fungicide 0.5 g l‾¹ (F₁) and hot water 50°C (H₁) treatments. As a combined effect of two factors, single budded setts with lime 7.5 gl‾¹ (SL₁), topsin fungicide 0.5 g l‾¹ (SF₁) and single budded setts with hot water 50°C (SH₁) gave maximum germination. Thus, this study highlighted that the single budded setts with lime 7.5 g l‾¹, topsin fungicide 0.5 g l‾¹ and hot water 50°C treatment should be used for the uniformity of germination

Combating Salinity Stress with Foliar Application of Sodium Antagonistic Essential Minerals on Yield and Yield Attributes of Cotton

The aim in this study was to investigate the appropriate level of foliar application on yield attributes of three tested cotton varieties (Ngwegyi-6, Shwetaung-8 and RAKA-666) for combating salinity stress. The common effect of salinity on plant growth is similar to water stress. Two field experiments were conducted in saline soil at Lungyaw Farm during pre-monsoon seasons, 2015 and 2016. Factorial ar-rangement in randomized complete block design was used with three replications. Five treatments as non spray (control), water spray, 500 mg L–1 KCl, 500 mg L–1 NH4NO3 and spray mixture (500 mg L–1 KCl + 500 mg L–1 NH4NO3 for 2015 and 250 mg L–1 KCl + 250 mg L–1 NH4NO3 for 2016) were used. Mineral foliar sprays clearly increased number of symbodial branches per plant, bolls per plant and seed cotton yield per plant than non spray treatment, whereas 500 mg L–1 NH4NO3 was more effective than other sprays in 2015. Number of sympodial branches per plant, bolls per plant, boll weight and seed cotton yield per plant were increased with 250 mg L–1 KCl + 250 mg L–1 NH4NO3 in 2016. Number of monopo-dial branches per plant was not significant among foliar sprays in both seasons. In 2015, the yield in-creased was obtained from 500 mg L–1 NH4NO3 and it was from 250 mg L–1 KCl + 250 mg L–1 NH4NO3 in 2016. However, the highest and satisfactory yield increased was resulted from 250 mg L–1 KCl + 250 mg L–1 NH4NO3. RAKA-666 generally produced highest seed cotton yield in both seasons. Mineral foli-ar 500 mg L–1 NH4NO3 in 2015 and the spray mixture in 2016 gave highest harvest index values. Amon

Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities

International audienceAbstract Trees structure the Earth’s most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations 1–6 in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth’s 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories 7 , we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world’s most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees

Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities

Trees structure the Earth’s most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations1–6 in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth’s 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories7, we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world’s most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees

Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities

Trees structure the Earth's most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth's 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories , we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world's most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees

Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities

Trees structure the Earth's most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth's 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories , we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world's most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees

Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities

Trees structure the Earth's most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth's 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories , we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world's most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees