Knowledge, attitude and practice toward adverse drug reaction reporting among practicing clinicians at a tertiary care hospital

Background: Pharmacovigilance has evolved as an important tool for dealing with Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) both in pre-marketing and post-marketing scenario. Underreporting of ADRs at our Adverse drug reaction Monitoring Centre (AMC) led us to conduct this study to assess Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) of the practicing clinicians at our tertiary care Pt. J.N.M. Medical College associated Dr. B.R.A.M. Hospital, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India, towards ADRs reporting.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using pretested questionnaires consisting of 29 questions related to KAP of the practicing clinicians at Pt. J.N.M. Medical College associated Dr. B.R.A.M.  Hospital, Raipur towards ADRs reporting. The percentage of responders for each question was calculated. All statistical analysis was performed in Microsoft Office Excel 2007.Results: Out of 135 questionnaires distributed only 100 were considered for analysis, so the overall response rate was 74.07%. We calculated the result from the 100 responders. Overall 77% responders were aware of existence of ADR monitoring system in India, while only 40% were aware of its existence at their hospital. Only 8% responders had reported ADRs to the National Pharmacovigilance Centre and 10% to the Adverse drug reaction Monitoring Centre (AMC) at their hospital. Lack of knowledge about where, how and whom to report ADRs, lack of time, inability to decide what to report (known or unknown ADRs) and unavailability of ADR reporting form were the important factors discouraging them reporting ADRs.Conclusions: Creating awareness regarding ADR reporting through CMEs among practicing clinicians and early sensitization at medical undergraduate level for medical students may improve the current ADR reporting rate. 

Resistance studies of erythromycin and rifampin for Rhodococcus equi over a 10-year period

This study sought to determine whether an increase in resistance of Rhodococcus equi to the antibiotics rifampin and erythromycin occurred over a 10-year period. This was carried out by the use of E test strips for rifampin and erythromycin to determine the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) values of Rhodococcus equi to this combination of antibiotics

Salmonella and tomatoes

Outbreak information linking fresh tomato fruit to illnesses is reviewed in this chapter. While tomato fruit appear to support substantial proliferation of certain serovars of Salmonella enterica, detection of this pathogen in tomato plants prior to harvest is rare, and reports of Salmonella existence in tomato fruit still attached to field-grown plants are virtually non-existent. The bacterium is sensitive to UV and can be outcompeted by the native phytomicrobiota, which may explain its absence in field-grown crops. However, the persistence of certain serovars in fields and ponds of certain production areas is noted. Together with evidence of bacteria becoming internalized in tomato fruit during crop development likely through natural apertures, the presence of S. enterica in and around production fields suggests that an unusual weather event could lead to Salmonella contamination of fruit prior to harvest. The bacterium appears physiologically adaptive toward proliferation in tomato fruit. Once inside tomatoes, Salmonella is capable of sensing the availability of nutrients and physiological state of the fruit and differentially regulates specific genes. However, because Salmonella is an efficient nutrient scavenger, removal of multiple metabolic and regulatory genes was required to reduce its fitness within the fruit. Plants do not appear to recognize human enterics as pathogens, and their defenses treat them as endophytes

The dialects of the ethnic groups appearing in Mark Twain's Tom Sawyer abroad and Tom Sawyer detective

This study analyzed the dialect used by the three ethnics as the main characters; the White, the Native American, and the Black, found in Mark Twain's novel Tom Sawyer Abroad and Tom Sawyer Detective. The study under report attempted to answer the following research problems: (1) What is the frequently used dialect of the White, the Black, and the Native American in Mark Twain's novel?, (2) What are the factors which influence the White, the Black, and the Native American to use the frequently used dialect? The data of this study were taken from the utterances of the three characters in Mark Twain's novel. The data were analyzed using the linguistic features that indicate the use of dialect and using the social factors which indicate the use of the dialect. The data analysis brought the following findings: (a) the frequently used dialect by the three main characters is the non-standard English, (b) that the three ethnics mostly use the non-standard English in communicating among another is approved by two kinds of reasons: (1) the linguistic features that show that the dictions, structures, and pronunciations contained in the three ethnics' utterances belong to non-standard form, (2) the social factors that show the background of using the dialect. As the writer realizes that this study is not perfect and there must be several shortcomings, it is suggested that future researches on dialects be done on the dialect of ethnic groups in real life, Indonesian society

Analisis pengaruh kemampuan dan kompensasi terhadap kinerja karyawan operasional PT. Hanurda di Surabaya

Dalam penelitian ini ingin mengetahui pengaruh kemampuan dan kompensasi terhadap kinerja pada 37 orang karyawan operasional PT Hanurda di Surabaya. Setelah melakukan analisa terhadap data yang diperoleh dari karyawan dan pimpinan perusahaan, maka dapat diketahui bahwa secara parsial masing-masing faktor kemampuan dan kompensasi berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja karyawan operasional dan secara simultan kedua faktor kemampuan dan kompensasi berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja karyawan operasional dengan f hitung sebesar 19,695. Dapat diketahui juga bahwa faktor kemampuan lebih dominan dibandingkan kompensasi dalam mempengaruhi kinerja karyawan operasional dengan koefisien determinasi untuk kemampuan sebesar 0.306 atau 30,6% dan kompensasi sebesar 0.158 atau 15,8%. Dengan demikian seluruh hipotesis terbukti kebenaranny

The dialects of the ethnic groups appearing in Mark Twain's Tom Sawyer abroad and Tom Sawyer detective

This study analyzed the dialect used by the three ethnics as the main characters; the White, the Native American, and the Black, found in Mark Twain's novel Tom Sawyer Abroad and Tom Sawyer Detective. The study under report attempted to answer the following research problems: (1) What is the frequently used dialect of the White, the Black, and the Native American in Mark Twain's novel?, (2) What are the factors which influence the White, the Black, and the Native American to use the frequently used dialect? The data of this study were taken from the utterances of the three characters in Mark Twain's novel. The data were analyzed using the linguistic features that indicate the use of dialect and using the social factors which indicate the use of the dialect. The data analysis brought the following findings: (a) the frequently used dialect by the three main characters is the non-standard English, (b) that the three ethnics mostly use the non-standard English in communicating among another is approved by two kinds of reasons: (1) the linguistic features that show that the dictions, structures, and pronunciations contained in the three ethnics' utterances belong to non-standard form, (2) the social factors that show the background of using the dialect. As the writer realizes that this study is not perfect and there must be several shortcomings, it is suggested that future researches on dialects be done on the dialect of ethnic groups in real life, Indonesian society