Una nueva especie del género Rossomyrmex Arnoldi, 1928 de Turquía (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

A new species, Rossomyrmex anatolicus, is described from the Anatolian plains (Turkey). Although it is very similar to R. proformicarum because of the abundant pilosity, it can be distinguished by the petiole, which gradually narrows towards the apex. This character, together with the high number of hairs, can be used, also, to differentiate it from R. minuchae. The geographical distribution of the genus Rossomyrmex is discussed and compared with other taxa that also show disjointed distributions.Se describe Rossomyrmex anatolicus, nueva especie encontrada en las llanuras de Anatolia (Turquía). Muy parecida a R. proformicarum por la abundante pilosidad, se diferencia de ésta por el peciolo, que se estrecha gradualmente hasta el ápice. Este mismo carácter, junto con la pilosidad permiten diferenciarla de R. minuchae. Se discute la distribución geográfica del género Rossomyrmex y se compara con la de otros taxones que muestran también distribución disjunta

Parnassius apollo nevadensis: identification of recent population structure and source–sink dynamics

Population persistence depends in many cases on gene flow between local populations. Parnassius apollo nevadensis is an endemic subspecies of Apollo butterfly in the Sierra Nevada (southern Spain), whose populations are distributed in discrete patches at altitudes between 1850 and 2700 m. In this paper, we use 13 microsatellite loci to examine the genetic structure of this P. apollo subspecies. We revealed both a strong pattern of isolation by distance (which was stronger when calculated with realistic travel distances that accounted for topography) and source–sink dynamics. The observed population genetic structure is consistent with strongly asymmetrical gene flow, leading to constant directional migration and differential connectivity among the populations. The apparently contradictory results from the clustering algorithms (Structure and Geneland) are also consistent with a recent (<100 ya) reduction in the distribution range. The results point to global warming as a possible cause of this reduction, as in other populations of this species. We identify some natural and anthropogenic barriers to gene flow that may be the cause of the recent population structure and source–sink dynamics

A new host for a new Rossomyrmex minuchae population

Social parasites usually rely on chemical cues (cuticular hydrocarbons) to successfully invade and coexist with their hosts. Most ants that are obligate social parasites (slave-makers) can parasitize several related host species with different levels of chemical similarity although there are few exceptions where there is only a single host species. An example of the latter is Rossomyrmex minuchae, which was known to be only associated with Proformica longiseta. However, a recent discovery of a new R. minuchae population revealed that it can parasitize P. nasuta, a species with a separate distribution to P. longiseta. Chemical analyses of cuticular hydrocarbons show local adaptation of the parasite to its host in this new population, being more similar to P. nasuta than to other R. minuchae populations. In addition, genetic analyses evidence differences from the other known populations, from which it split 1.21 Mya during glacial and interglacial periods of the Pleistocene and remained separated to the present day. This historical genetic isolation and the chemical differences found between parasite populations may evidence a speciation process and support the local host–parasite coevolutionM Silvestre and FM Azcárate received administrative and fnancial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Project CGL2014-53789-R). Sierra de Guadarrama National Park provided the permits for the sampling (ref 10/101642.9/16). This work was also partially funded by the University of Jaén through the “Plan Operativo de Apoyo a la Investigación 2021-2022

Different evolutionary potential in host ants of the genus Proformica and their slavemaking ant Rossomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

El parasitismo es reconocido como uno de los principales conductores de la evolución. Cada organismo involucrado en ese tipo de relación presenta un potencial evolutivo, que puede medirse como diversidad genética, que depende a su vez de factores como su capacidad de dispersión, el flujo génico y el tamaño, estructura y composición de sus poblaciones. El potencial evolutivo condiciona también la posibilidad de adaptación local entre parásito y hospedador. En las hormigas esclavistas la adaptación local entre parásito y hospedador puede medirse mediante las similitudes en la composición de hidrocarburos (CHCs) de la cutícula. Las hormigas del género Rossomyrmex parasitan, es decir asaltan y esclavizan, a hormigas del género Proformica. En este trabajo se aportan nuevos datos genéticos de dos de las tres especies hospedadoras estudiadas por nosotros, y se ponen en común con otros ya publicados para analizar las características genéticas y biológicas de estos tres sistemas hospedador-parásito. Estos sistemas presentan rangos variables de distribución (fragmentados y continuos), diversidad genética, potencial evolutivo y adaptación local. La distribución geográfica (fragmentada o continua) influye decisivamente en la estructura de las poblaciones de Proformica, más que la composición del hormiguero. Cuando comparamos los potenciales evolutivos de hospedador y parásito, también hay variabilidad en este factor, conduciendo a diferentes resultados de adaptación local en las diferentes parejas hospedador-parásito. Por todo ello, se considera que las especies de estos géneros constituyen un modelo de interés, en el que se podrían hacer estudios comparativos para conocer qué procesos han conducido a diferentes salidas evolutivas durante la carrera de armamentos hospedador-parásito.Parasitism is known to be one of the main drivers of evolution. Each organism involved in this relationship has an evolutionary potential that can be measured as its genetic diversity. This feature, in turn, depends on factors such as the dispersal ability, genetic flow and size, structure and composition of its populations. The evolutionary potential also constrains local adaptation between parasite and host. In slave-making ants, this local adaptation can be measured as the similitude in the cuticular hydrocarbon (CHCs) composition. Ants of the genus Rossomyrmex parasitize by raiding and enslaving ants from the genus Proformica. In this study we report new genetic data on two of the three host species studied by us, which together with previous published data enable us to analyze the genetic and biological characteristics of the different host-parasite systems. These systems show variable ranges of distribution (fragmented and continuous), genetic diversity, evolutionary potential and local adaptation. The geographic distribution (fragmented or continuous) strongly influences the population structure of Proformica in comparison with nest composition. We also found differences in the evolutionary potential when comparing host and parasite species, being local adaptation different for each host-parasite system. All these results suggest that the ants of both genera constitute interesting model systems for the comparative study of the processes leading to different evolutionary outcomes in the host-parasite arms-race

Redox activities and ROS, NO and phenylpropanoids production by axenically cultured intact olive seedling roots after interaction with a mycorrhizal or a pathogenic fungus

Las raíces de las plántulas de olivo, en cultivo axénico, fueron colocadas alternativamente en contacto con Rhizophagus irregulares (micorrícicos) o con hongos Verticillim dahliae (patógenos). También se incluyeron tratamientos MeJA. Las raíces intactas (generación de anión superóxido, superóxido dismutasa y actividades de peroxidasa) se midieron en las actividades in vivo del apoplasto. Todos nuestros resultados mostraron que las actividades redox apoplásticas de raíces de las plántulas intactas en contacto con el hongo micorriza compatible fueron claramente atenuados en comparación con el hongo patógeno o tratado con MeJA, incluso en las primeras etapas usadas en el tratamiento. Los fenoles totales, flavonoides y glucósidos fenilpropanoides, también fueron cuantificados. Las raíces en contacto con el hongo micorriza no mejoraron la biosíntesis de compuestos fenólicos con respecto a los controles, mientras que los de contacto con el patógeno mejoraron de forma significativa la biosíntesis de todas las fracciones fenólicas medidas. Las especies reactivas del oxígeno y la acumulación de óxido nítrico en las raíces fueron examinadas por microscopía de fluorescencia. Todos ellas presentaron una acumulación mucho mayor en las raíces en contacto con el patógeno que con el hongo micorriza. En total, estos resultados indican que las raíces de las plántulas intactas de olivo, claramente diferenciadas entre micorrizas y hongos patógenos, atenuan las reacciones de defensa contra la primera para facilitar su creación, mientras que induce una reacción de defensa fuerte y sostenida contra el segundo. Ambas especies reactivas de oxígeno y nitrógeno parecían estar involucrados en estas respuestas desde los primeros momentos de contacto. Sin embargo, se necesitan más investigaciones para aclarar la diafonía propuesta entre ellos y sus respectivas funciones en estas respuestas ya que las imágenes de fluorescencia de las raíces revelaron que las especies reactivas del oxígeno se acumulan principalmente en el apoplasto (congruente con las actividades redox medidas en este compartimento), mientras el óxido nítrico se almacena principalmente en el citosol.Roots of intact olive seedlings, axenically cultured, were alternatively placed in contact with Rhizophagus irregularis (mycorrhizal) or Verticillim dahliae (pathogenic) fungi. MeJA treatments were also included. In vivo redox activities in the apoplast of the intact roots (anion superoxide generation, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities) were measured. All our results showed that apoplastic redox activities of intact seedling roots in contact with the compatible mycorrhizal fungus were clearly attenuated in comparison with the pathogenic fungus or treated with MeJA, even at the early stages of treatment used. Total phenolics, flavonoids and phenylpropanoid glycosides were also quantified. Roots in contact with the mycorrhizal fungus did not enhance the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds with respect to controls, while those in contact with the pathogenic one significantly enhanced the biosynthesis of all phenolic fractions measured. Reactive oxygen species and nitric oxid accumulation in roots were examined by fluorescence microscopy. All of them presented much higher accumulation in roots in contact with the pathogenic than with the mycorrhizal fungus. Altogether these results indicate that intact olive seedling roots clearly differentiated between mycorrhizal and pathogenic fungi, attenuating defense reactions against the first to facilitate its establishment, while inducing a strong and sustained defense reaction against the second. Both reactive oxygen and nitrogen species seemed to be involved in these responses from the first moments of contact. However, further investigations are required to clarify the proposed crosstalk between them and their respective roles in these responses since fluorescence images of roots revealed that reactive oxygen species were mainly accumulated in the apoplast (congruently with the measured redox activities in this compartment) while nitric oxid was mainly stored in the cytosol.-- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación. Proyecto CGL2009-12406 -- Junta de Extremadura. Proyecto PRI09A023peerReviewe

Determination of the optical depth of a DI diesel spray

The optical depth is responsible of limiting the optical diagnostic using visible wavelength in the sprays. This paper proposes to measure the optical depth directly in a real Diesel spray through line-of-sight laser extinction measurements. This easily reproducible method which does not require expensive or complex optical techniques is detailed and the measurement procedure is presented in this paper. As diesel sprays are mostly optically thick, the measurements in the denser region are not reliable and a fuel concentration model has been used to derive the results to the entire spray. This work provides values of SMD at different distance from the nozzle tip depending on the specific parameters like injection pressure or discharge density. The values extracted from a combined experimental/computational approach have been compared to PDPA measurements under the same testing conditions. The results have shown that the maximum optical depth was higher than 10 and that an increase of the injection pressure led to higher ¿ values. The SMD values appeared to be below the results measured by the PDPA and the droplet diameter showed to be the main responsible of the optical depth of the jet under the tested conditions. © 2011 The Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.Payri González, F.; Pastor, JV.; Payri, R.; Manin, JL. (2011). Determination of the optical depth of a DI diesel spray. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology. 25(1):209-219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-010-1024-xS209219251L. Pickett and D. Siebers, Non-sooting, low flame temperature mixing-controlled DI diesel combustion, SAE Paper, 2004-01-1399 (2004).S. Cheng, A. Upatnieks and C. J. Mueller, Investigation of fuel effects on dilute, mixing-controlled combustion in an optical direct-injection diesel engine, Energy & Fuels, 21 (2007) 1989–2002.S. Park, H. Kim and B. Choi, Emission characteristics of exhaust gases and nanoparticles from a diesel engine with biodiesel-diesel blended fuel (BD20), J. Mech. Sci. Technol., 23(9) (2009) 2555–2564.J. Benajes, S. Molina, K. De Rudder and T. Rente, Influence of injection rate shaping on combustion and emissions for a medium duty diesel engine, J. Mech. Sci. Technol., 20(9) (2006) 1436–1448.S. Som, S. K. Aggarwal, E. M. El-Hannouny, D. E. Longman, Investigation of Nozzle Flow and Cavitation Characteristics in a Diesel Injector, J. of Eng. Gas Turb. and Power, 132(4) (2010).J. Lee and K. Min, Effects of needle response on spray characteristics in high pressure injector driven by piezo actuator for common-rail injection system, J. Mech. Sci. Technol., 19(5) (2005) 1194–1205.R. Payri, F. J. Salvador, J. Gimeno and V. Soare, Determination of diesel sprays characteristics in real engine in-cylinder air density and pressure conditions, J. Mech. Sci. Technol., 19 (2005) 2040–2052.Y. Yue, C. F. Powell, R. Poola and J. Wang, Quantitative measurements of diesel fuel spray characteristics in the near-nozzle region by using x-ray absorption, Atomization Sprays, 11(4) (2001).M. Linne, M. Paciaroni, T. Hall and T. Parker, Ballistic imaging of the near field in a diesel spray, Experiments in Fluid,s 40(6) (2006) 836–846.H. E. Albrecht, N. Damaschke, M. Borys and C. Tropea, Laser Doppler and Phase Doppler Measurement Techniques, Springer Berlin (2003).R. Domann and Y. Hardalupas, Quantitative Measurement of planar Droplet Sauter Mean Diameter in sprays using Planar Droplet Sizing, 11th Int. Symp. on App. of Laser Techniques to Fluid Mechanics (Lisbon Portugal) (2002).M. Van der Mark, M. Van Albada and A. Lagendijk, Light scattering in strongly scattering media: Multiple scattering and weak localization, Physical Review, B 37(7) (1988).L. Araneo and R. Payri, Experimental quantification of the planar droplet sizing technique error for micro-metric monodispersed spherical particles, Proc. of the Inst. for Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems Conf. (Como Italy) (2008).G. Hiromi, Multiple scattering correction in the measurement of particle size and number density by the diffraction method, Applied Optics 25(19) (1986) 3552–3558.C. Dumouchel, P. Yongyingsakthavorn and J. Cousin, Light multiple scattering correction of laser-diffraction spray drop-size distribution measurements, International Journal of Multiphase Flow 35(3) (2009) 277–287.J. V. Pastor, R. Payri, L. Araneo and J. Manin, Correction method for droplet sizing by laser-induced fluorescence in a controlled test situation, Optical Engineering, 48(1) (2009).C. Espey and J. E. Dec, The effect of TDC temperature and density on the liquid-phase fuel penetration in a Di Diesel engine, SAE transactions, 104(4) (1995) 1400–1414.J. M. Desantes, R. Payri, A. García and J. Manin, Experimental Study of Biodiesel Blends’ Effects on Diesel Injection Processes, Energy & Fuels, 23 (2009) 3227–3235.C. R. Kitchin, Stars, Nebulae and the Interstellar Medium: Observational Physics and Astrophysics CRC Press (1987).M. A. Linne, Spectroscopic Measurement: An Introduction to the Fundamentals, Academic Press (London, UK) (2002).J. V. Pastor, J. J. Lopez, J. E. Juliá and J. V. Benajes, Planar laser-induced fluorescence fuel concentration measurements in isothermal sprays, Opt. Express, 10(7) (2002) 309–323.J. Benajes, R. Payri, S. Molina, A.H. Plazas, Investigation of the influence of injection rate shaping on the spray characteristics in a diesel common rail system equipped with a piston amplifier, Journal of fluids engineering-transactions of the ASME, 127(6) (2005) 1102–1110.V. Bermudez, R. Payri, F. J. Salvador and A. H. Plazas, Study of the influence of nozzle seat type on injection rate and spray behavior, ImechE, Journal of automobile engineering, Part D, 219 (2005) 677–689.R. Payri, J. M. Garcia, F. J. Salvador and J. Gimeno, Using spray momentum flux measurements to understand the influence of diesel nozzle geometry on spray characteristics, Fuel, 84 (2005) 551–561.J. M. Desantes, R. Payri, F. J. Salvador and A. Gil, Development and validation of a theoretical model for diesel spray penetration, Fuel, 85 (2006) 910–917.H. Hattori, K. Narumiya, M. Tsue and T. Kadota, Analysis of initial breakup mechanism of diesel spray injected into high-pressure ambience, SAE Paper, 2004-01-0528 (2004).J. D. J. Ingle and S. R. Crouch, Spectrochemical Analysis, Prentice Hall (New Jersey, USA) (1988).F. V. Tinaut, A. Melgar, F. Castro, M. L. Sanchez and B. A. Gimenez, Method to determine liquid concentration in nonstationary axisymmetric sprays, Experiments in Fluids, 23 (1997) 299–305.P. Laven, Simulation of Rainbows, Coronas and Glories by the use of Mie theory, Applied Optics 43(3) (2003) 436–444.J. M. Desantes, R. Payri, J. M. Garcia and F. J. Salvador, A contribution to the understanding of isothermal diesel spray dynamics, Fuel, 86(7–8) (2007) 1093–1101.R. Payri, L. Araneo, J. Shakal and V. Soare, Phase doppler measurements: system set-up optimization for characterization of a diesel nozzle, J. Mech. Sci. Technol., 22 (2008) 1620–1632.E. Berrocal, D. L. Sedarsky, M. E. Paciaroni, I. V. Meglinski and M. A. Linne, Laser light scattering in turbid media Part I: Experimental and simulated results for the spatial intensity distribution, Optics Express, 15 (2007) 10649–10665.C. Roze, T. Girasole, L. Mevcs, G. Grehan, L. Hespel and A. Delfour, Interaction between ultra short pulses and a dense scattering medium by Monte Carlo simulation: consideration of particle size effect, Optics Communications, 220(4–6) (2003) 237–245.E. Berrocal, D. L. Sedarsky, M. E. Paciaroni, I. V. Meglinski and M. A. Linne, Laser light scattering in turbid media Part II: Spatial and temporal analysis of individual scattering orders via Monte Carlo simulation, Optics Express, 17 (2009) 13792–13809.E. Berrocal, Multiple scattering of light in optical diagnostics of dense sprays and other complex turbid media, PhD Thesis Cranfield University (2006).J. Naber and D. Siebers, Effects of gas density and vaporization on penetration and dispersion of diesel sprays, SAE Paper, 960034 (1996).V. Soare, Phase Doppler Measurements in Diesel Dense Sprays: Optimisation of Measurements and Study of the Orifice Geometry Influence over the Spray at Microscopic Level PhD Thesis, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, (2007).G. Wigley, Measurement techniques and data analyses for direct injection fuel sprays, in Phase Doppler measurements in Ultra-dense sprays, University of Darmstad (2005).J. Koo and J. Kim, Assessment of a Phase Doppler Anemometry Technique in Dense Droplet Laden Jet, KSME International Journal, 17(7) (2003) 1083–1094.J. S. Kim and J. S. Kim, A characterization of the spray evolution by dual-mode phase doppler anemometry in an injector of liquid-propellant thruster, J. Mech. Sci. Technol., 23(6) (2009) 1637–1649.J. Labs and T.E. Parker, Two-dimensional droplet size and volume fraction distributions from the near-injector region of high-pressure diesel sprays, Atomization & Sprays, 16 (2006) 843–855