32 research outputs found

    Response of Macrophyte Traits to Herbivory and Neighboring Species: Integration of the Functional Trait Framework in the Context of Ecological Invasions

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    With the increase in the number of introduced species each year, biological invasions are considered as one of the most important environmental problems for native biodiversity. In invaded habitats, the establishment of exotic plant species depends on the abiotic and biotic environment. Herbivores and neighboring plants (native or exotic) comprise an important part of the latter. Herbivores cause trophic and non-trophic damage to focal plants, which respond to herbivory by varying their different traits quantitatively (e.g., growth rate and biomass changes) and qualitatively (e.g., variation in morphological and chemical defenses strategies affecting plant palatability). Neighboring plant species also affect functional traits and the fitness of focal plant species, thus herbivore effects on a focal plant could also depend indirectly on the palatability and defensive traits of the neighboring species inside the community. Here, in a first step toward the integration of associational susceptibility/resistance theories in the field of ecological invasion, we performed a microcosm experiment to consider the effects of an exotic crayfish on the growth rate, morphological traits and damage level of three macrophytes (two exotic, one native) growing in pairwise combinations. We found that (i) the response to herbivore presence and to neighboring species identity seemed to be species specific, and (ii) crayfish enhance the fragmentation rate of the two exotic macrophytes Ludwigia grandiflora and Egeria densa in the presence of the native macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum, which could indirectly facilitate their invasion success. Indeed, fragmentation can increase dispersal abilities of the exotic macrophytes considered in this study as they are able to generate new plants from their fragments. However, our results showed that the interaction herbivore-neighbor species was hardly significant. Our paper presents some first results on associational resistance/susceptibility and lays the foundation for developing a general framework that combines plant community ecology and biological invasion ecology to explain invasive species success

    Tests multiples pour la comparaison des probabilités de survenue d'une infidélité de transcription dans des ARNm sains et cancéreux

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    International audienceL'implication d'erreurs de transcription dans l'hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© du cancer avait jusqu'alors Ă©tĂ© peu considĂ©rĂ©e. En effet, la transcription est supposĂ©e fidĂšle et contrĂŽlĂ©e par un systĂšme complexe de vĂ©rification. Afin d'Ă©tudier l'hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© des sĂ©quences d'ARNm issus de tissus sains et cancĂ©reux de 17 gĂšnes d'intĂ©rĂȘt, les probabilitĂ©s de survenue d'une substitution de base ont Ă©tĂ© comparĂ©es Ă  chaque position des sĂ©quences des transcrits Ă  l'aide d'une procĂ©dure de tests multiples. Pour cela, les sĂ©quences Expressed Sequences Tags, qui sont des copies partielles des ARNm d'un gĂšne, ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©es et un modĂšle prenant en compte l'erreur de sĂ©quençage inhĂ©rente Ă  ces donnĂ©es a Ă©tĂ© proposĂ©. Enfin, l'estimateur Location Based Estimator du nombre moyen de tests faux positifs a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tendu au cas de statistiques de tests discrĂštes. Cette Ă©tude prĂ©liminaire a ainsi permis de mettre en Ă©vidence les positions des ARNm plus frĂ©quemment sujettes Ă  des substitutions dans les tissus cancĂ©reux que dans les tissus sains et d'introduire la notion d'infidĂ©litĂ© de transcription chez l'Homme

    Etude de la régulation de l'expression des gÚnes chez Escherichia coli, en lien avec le transport et le métabolisme du glucose : comprenant : - l'analyse moléculaire de la région promoteur dirigeant l'expression des gÚnes gapA et yeaA, - l'étude de l'effet de l'absence de protéine EIIBCGlc assurant le transport spécifique du glucose sur le transcriptome d'Escherichia coli.

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    In Escherichia coli, the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a key enzyme for glucose metabolism and is encoded by the gapA gene. The transcription of this gene is initiated at 4 promoters and mainly at the gapA P1 promoter in the exponential phase of growth. We found that altought beeing a promoter of the -10 extended class, promoter P1 needs a -35 hexamer for activity. The E. coli methionine sulfoxide reductase of the B type (MsrB) is encoded by the yeaA gene which is located upstream and in the opposite direction of gapA. We showed that elements of the gapA-yeaA inter-ORF sequence are involved in the regulation of the two genes, either activating both genes or having opposite effects on them and we obtained data in favor of a translation regulation by the small non-coding RNA RyhB of the MsrB protein expression. We developped a DNA macroarray approach to test for the effect of the inactivation of the EIIBCGlc protein on the E. coli transcriptome. We showed that the expression of genes allowing formation of large pores in the external membrane and flagella were upregulated. We demonstrated the increased motility of the bacteria.Chez Escherichia coli, la glycĂ©raldĂ©hyde 3-phosphate dĂ©shydrogĂ©nase (GAPDH), qui est une enzyme clĂ© du mĂ©tabolisme du glucose est codĂ©e par le gĂšne gapA. La transcription de ce gĂšne est initiĂ©e au niveau de 4 promoteurs et majoritairement au niveau du promoteur gapA P1 en phase exponentielle de croissance. Nous avons montrĂ© qu'il a la particularitĂ© d'avoir une boĂźte -10 Ă©tendue, mais de nĂ©cessiter la prĂ©sence d'une boĂźte -35 pour ĂȘtre efficace. La mĂ©thionine sulfoxyde rĂ©ductase de type B (MsrB) est codĂ©e par le gĂšne yeaA situĂ© en amont et en sens opposĂ© Ă  gapA. Nous avons montrĂ© que des Ă©lĂ©ments de sĂ©quences inter-ORF rĂ©gulent chacun des deux gĂšnes soit dans le mĂȘme sens, soit en sens opposĂ© et nous avons obtenu des arguments en faveur d'une rĂ©gulation traductionnelle de l'expression de la protĂ©ine MsrB par le petit ARN non codant RyhB. Nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ© l'approche puces Ă  ADN pour tester l'effet de l'inactivation du transporteur EIIBCGlc sur le transcriptome d'E. coli. Nous avons ainsi montrĂ© que l'expression de gĂšnes permettant la formation de pores de plus grande taille dans la membrane externe et de flagelles favorisant la motilitĂ© de la bactĂ©rie Ă©tait augmentĂ©e

    Etude de la régulation de l'expression des gÚnes chez Escherichia coli, en lien avec le transport et le métabolisme du glucose (comprenant : - l'analyse moléculaire de la région promoteur dirigeant l'expression des gÚnes gapA et yeaA, - l'étude de l'effet de l'absence de protéine EIIBCGlc assurant le transport spécifique du glucose sur le transcriptome d'Escherichia coli.)

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    Chez Escherichia coli, la glycĂ©raldĂ©hyde 3-phosphate dĂ©shydrogĂ©nase (GAPDH), qui est une enzyme clĂ© du mĂ©tabolisme du glucose est codĂ©e par le gĂšne gapA. La transcription de ce gĂšne est initiĂ©e au niveau de 4 promoteurs et majoritairement au niveau du promoteur gapA P1 en phase exponentielle de croissance. Nous avons montrĂ© qu'il a la particularitĂ© d'avoir une boĂźte -10 Ă©tendue, mais de nĂ©cessiter la prĂ©sence d'une boĂźte -35 pour ĂȘtre efficace. La mĂ©thionine sulfoxyde rĂ©ductase de type B (MsrB) est codĂ©e par le gĂšne yeaA situĂ© en amont et en sens opposĂ© Ă  gapA. Nous avons montrĂ© que des Ă©lĂ©ments de sĂ©quences inter-ORF rĂ©gulent chacun des deux gĂšnes soit dans le mĂȘme sens, soit en sens opposĂ© et nous avons obtenu des arguments en faveur d'une rĂ©gulation traductionnelle de l'expression de la protĂ©ine MsrB par le petit ARN non codant RyhB. Nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ© l'approche puces Ă  ADN pour tester l'effet de l'inactivation du transporteur EIIBCGlc sur le transcriptome d'E. coli. Nous avons ainsi montrĂ© que l'expression de gĂšnes permettant la formation de pores de plus grande taille dans la membrane externe et de flagelles favorisant la motilitĂ© de la bactĂ©rie Ă©tait augmentĂ©e.In Escherichia coli, the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a key enzyme for glucose metabolism and is encoded by the gapA gene. The transcription of this gene is initiated at 4 promoters and mainly at the gapA P1 promoter in the exponential phase of growth. We found that altought beeing a promoter of the -10 extended class, promoter P1 needs a -35 hexamer for activity. The E. coli methionine sulfoxide reductase of the B type (MsrB) is encoded by the yeaA gene which is located upstream and in the opposite direction of gapA. We showed that elements of the gapA-yeaA inter-ORF sequence are involved in the regulation of the two genes, either activating both genes or having opposite effects on them and we obtained data in favor of a translation regulation by the small non-coding RNA RyhB of the MsrB protein expression. We developped a DNA macroarray approach to test for the effect of the inactivation of the EIIBCGlc protein on the E. coli transcriptome. We showed that the expression of genes allowing formation of large pores in the external membrane and flagella were upregulated. We demonstrated the increased motility of the bacteria.NANCY1-SCD Sciences & Techniques (545782101) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Transcriptional frameshifts contribute to protein allergenicity

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    Transcription infidelity (TI) is a mechanism that increases RNA and protein diversity. We found that single-base omissions (i.e., gaps) occurred at significantly higher rates in the RNA of highly-allergenic legumes. Transcripts from peanut, soybean, sesame, and mite allergens contained a higher density of gaps than those of non-allergens. Allergen transcripts translate into proteins with a cationic carboxy-terminus depleted in hydrophobic residues. In mice, recombinant TI variants of the peanut allergen Ara h 2, but not the canonical allergen itself, induced, without adjuvant, the production of anaphylactogenic specific IgE (sIgE) binding to linear epitopes on both canonical and TI segments of the TI variants. The removal of cationic proteins from bovine lactoserum markedly reduced its capacity to induce sIgE. In peanut-allergic children, the sIgE reactivity was directed toward both canonical and TI segments of Ara h 2 variants. We discovered two novel peanut allergens because of their RNA-DNA divergence gap patterns and TI peptide amino-acid composition. Finally, we showed that the sIgE of children with IgE-negative milk allergy targeted cationic proteins in lactoserum. We propose that it is not the canonical allergens, but their TI variants, that initiate sIgE isotype switching, while both canonical and TI variants elicit clinical allergic reactions

    Response of Macrophyte Traits to Herbivory and Neighboring Species Integration of the Functional Trait Framework in the Context of Ecological Invasions

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    German Research Foundation (DFG), Leipzig University within the program of Open Access Publishing; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig - German Research Foundation [FZT 118] We acknowledge support from the German Research Foundation (DFG), Leipzig University within the program of Open Access Publishing. LT and BG gratefully acknowledge the support of the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig funded by the German Research Foundation (FZT 118).International audienceWith the increase in the number of introduced species each year, biological invasions are considered as one of the most important environmental problems for native biodiversity. In invaded habitats, the establishment of exotic plant species depends on the abiotic and biotic environment. Herbivores and neighboring plants (native or exotic) comprise an important part of the latter. Herbivores cause trophic and non-trophic damage to focal plants, which respond to herbivory by varying their different traits quantitatively (e.g., growth rate and biomass changes) and qualitatively (e.g., variation in morphological and chemical defenses strategies affecting plant palatability). Neighboring plant species also affect functional traits and the fitness of focal plant species, thus herbivore effects on a focal plant could also depend indirectly on the palatability and defensive traits of the neighboring species inside the community. Here, in a first step toward the integration of associational susceptibility/resistance theories in the field of ecological invasion, we performed a microcosm experiment to consider the effects of an exotic crayfish on the growth rate, morphological traits and damage level of three macrophytes (two exotic, one native) growing in pairwise combinations. We found that (i) the response to herbivore presence and to neighboring species identity seemed to be species specific, and (ii) crayfish enhance the fragmentation rate of the two exotic macrophytes Ludwigia grandiflora and Egeria densa in the presence of the native macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum, which could indirectly facilitate their invasion success. Indeed, fragmentation can increase dispersal abilities of the exotic macrophytes considered in this study as they are able to generate new plants from their fragments. However, our results showed that the interaction herbivore-neighbor species was hardly significant. Our paper presents some first results on associational resistance/susceptibility and lays the foundation for developing a general framework that combines plant community ecology and biological invasion ecology to explain invasive species success

    Response of Macrophyte Traits to Herbivory and Neighboring Species: Integration of the Functional Trait Framework in the Context of Ecological Invasions

    Get PDF
    With the increase in the number of introduced species each year, biological invasions are considered as one of the most important environmental problems for native biodiversity. In invaded habitats, the establishment of exotic plant species depends on the abiotic and biotic environment. Herbivores and neighboring plants (native or exotic) comprise an important part of the latter. Herbivores cause trophic and non-trophic damage to focal plants, which respond to herbivory by varying their different traits quantitatively (e.g., growth rate and biomass changes) and qualitatively (e.g., variation in morphological and chemical defenses strategies affecting plant palatability). Neighboring plant species also affect functional traits and the fitness of focal plant species, thus herbivore effects on a focal plant could also depend indirectly on the palatability and defensive traits of the neighboring species inside the community. Here, in a first step toward the integration of associational susceptibility/resistance theories in the field of ecological invasion, we performed a microcosm experiment to consider the effects of an exotic crayfish on the growth rate, morphological traits and damage level of three macrophytes (two exotic, one native) growing in pairwise combinations. We found that (i) the response to herbivore presence and to neighboring species identity seemed to be species specific, and (ii) crayfish enhance the fragmentation rate of the two exotic macrophytes Ludwigia grandiflora and Egeria densa in the presence of the native macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum, which could indirectly facilitate their invasion success. Indeed, fragmentation can increase dispersal abilities of the exotic macrophytes considered in this study as they are able to generate new plants from their fragments. However, our results showed that the interaction herbivore-neighbor species was hardly significant. Our paper presents some first results on associational resistance/susceptibility and lays the foundation for developing a general framework that combines plant community ecology and biological invasion ecology to explain invasive species succes

    Can we accurately assess disease activity using automated methods in large real-life MRI databases?: Insights from the OFSEP HD database.

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    International audienceIntroduction:Large real-life databases (DB) of MS patients usually consist of clinical data, including limited imaging metrics.The possibility of re-analyzing images to extract a wide range of metrics is now possible through the use of AI based methods. The presence of new lesions on longitudinal MRIs for example is used to assess the effectiveness of treatments in real-life studies. However, the automated tools that currently identify these new lesions are designed as an aid for radiologists, potentially generating false positives. The possibility of transferring these methods to analyze DB without supervision should be assessed.Objectives/Aims:To compare the performance of an automated method to classify MS patients as “active” or “inactive” based on new lesions on FLAIR images in a large real-life multicentric DB with respect to the data provided in the clinical DB.Methods:We included 1412 pairs of brain MRI scans from 868 MS patients with both FLAIR images available in the French OFSEP HD cohort imaging DB at 2 time points, and the radiological comparison captured in the clinical DB. An automated tool based on a fully convolutional neural network (trained on 159 patients) was used to detect new lesions between the corresponding longitudinal FLAIR images. Then, 160 pairs of brain MRI scans for which the automated method output and the corresponding clinical DB comparison disagree were randomly selected and their MRI were reviewed by 2 experts to constitute a ground truth. Differences in sensitivity, specificity and accuracy between the automated method and the clinical DB were assessed.Results:Overall, 222 out of 1412 (16%) intervals were considered active from the clinical DB, compared to 467 (35%) from the automated method. Over the 160 cases of disagreement included in the ground truth, the automated method correctly classified patients in 66% of the cases and the clinical DB in 34%. More specifically, the automated method was more sensitive than the clinical DB (p<0.001), but the clinical DB was more specific (p<0.001). Under simplified assumptions, we extrapolate from these results a sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of about 0.95, 0.99 and 0.92 for the clinical DB and 0.99, 0.69 and 0.96 for the automated method.Conclusion:The automated analysis of images collected in large real-life databases allows to correctly classify MS patients as active or inactive in a large majority of cases, and offers the possibility to extract other metrics such as lesion number or volume to analyze the efficacy of treatments in real-life.Introduction:Les grandes bases de donnĂ©es rĂ©elles de patients atteints de SEP sont gĂ©nĂ©ralement constituĂ©es de donnĂ©es cliniques, y compris des mesures d'imagerie limitĂ©es.La possibilitĂ© de rĂ©analyser les images pour en extraire un large Ă©ventail de mesures est dĂ©sormais possible grĂące Ă  l’utilisation de mĂ©thodes basĂ©es sur l’IA. La prĂ©sence de nouvelles lĂ©sions sur les IRM longitudinales est par exemple utilisĂ©e pour Ă©valuer l'efficacitĂ© des traitements dans des Ă©tudes rĂ©elles. Cependant, les outils automatisĂ©s qui identifient actuellement ces nouvelles lĂ©sions sont conçus pour aider les radiologues, gĂ©nĂ©rant potentiellement des faux positifs. La possibilitĂ© de transfĂ©rer ces mĂ©thodes pour analyser la base de donnĂ©es sans supervision doit ĂȘtre Ă©valuĂ©e.Objectifs/Buts :Comparer les performances d'une mĂ©thode automatisĂ©e pour classer les patients atteints de SEP comme « actifs » ou « inactifs » sur la base de nouvelles lĂ©sions sur les images FLAIR dans une grande base de donnĂ©es multicentrique rĂ©elle par rapport aux donnĂ©es fournies dans la base de donnĂ©es clinique.MĂ©thodes :Nous avons inclus 1412 paires d'IRM cĂ©rĂ©brales de 868 patients atteints de SEP, avec les FLAIR disponibles aux deux points temporels dans la base de donnĂ©es de la cohorte OFSEP HD, et les donnĂ©es radiologique issues de la base de donnĂ©es clinique. Un outil automatisĂ© basĂ© sur un rĂ©seau de neurones convolutif (entraĂźnĂ© sur 159 patients) a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ© pour dĂ©tecter de nouvelles lĂ©sions entre les images FLAIR longitudinales correspondantes. Ensuite, 160 paires d'IRM cĂ©rĂ©brales pour lesquels les rĂ©sultats de la mĂ©thode automatisĂ©e et la comparaison clinique correspondante de la base de donnĂ©es Ă©taient en dĂ©saccord ont Ă©tĂ© sĂ©lectionnĂ©es au hasard et leur IRM a Ă©tĂ© examinĂ©e par 2 experts pour constituer une vĂ©ritĂ© terrain. Les diffĂ©rences de sensibilitĂ©, de spĂ©cificitĂ© et d'exactitude entre la mĂ©thode automatisĂ©e et la base de donnĂ©es clinique ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©es.RĂ©sultats:Au total, 222 intervalles sur 1 412 (16 %) ont Ă©tĂ© considĂ©rĂ©s comme actifs Ă  partir de la base de donnĂ©es clinique, contre 467 (35 %) Ă  partir de la mĂ©thode automatisĂ©e. Sur les 160 cas de dĂ©saccord inclus dans la vĂ©ritĂ© terrain, la mĂ©thode automatisĂ©e a correctement classĂ© les patients dans 66 % des cas et la base de donnĂ©es clinique dans 34 % des cas. Plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment, la mĂ©thode automatisĂ©e Ă©tait plus sensible que la base de donnĂ©es clinique (p < 0,001), mais la base de donnĂ©es clinique Ă©tait plus spĂ©cifique (p < 0,001). Sous hypothĂšses simplifiĂ©es, nous extrapolons de ces rĂ©sultats une sensibilitĂ©, une spĂ©cificitĂ© et une prĂ©cision d'environ 0,95, 0,99 et 0,92 pour la base de donnĂ©es clinique et 0,99, 0,69 et 0,96 pour la mĂ©thode automatisĂ©e.Conclusion:L'analyse automatisĂ©e des images collectĂ©es dans de grandes bases de donnĂ©es rĂ©elles permet de classer correctement les patients atteints de SEP comme actifs ou inactifs dans une grande majoritĂ© des cas, et offre la possibilitĂ© d'extraire d'autres paramĂštres tels que le nombre ou le volume des lĂ©sions pour analyser l'efficacitĂ© des traitements dans vrai vie
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