62 research outputs found
The Fiscal Revolution and Taxation: The Rise of Compensatory Taxation, 1929-1938
Thorndike explores the Keynesian conversion of Treasury Department tax-policy experts during the 1930s. At the beginning of the Great Depression, he narrates that there was no political interest in using tax cuts to promote economic recovery. In fact, in 1932 Congress responded to the economic emergency by enacting a tax increase in the name of fiscal responsibility. By 1937, however, Treasury experts had become persuaded of the merits of countercyclical taxation. Ironically, the first legislative experiment in Keynesian taxation took the form of a tax increase--the short-lived 1937 tax on undistributed corporate profits, intended to stimulate the economy by discouraging corporations from hoarding cash. He explains the use of income tax cuts as weapons in the countercyclical arsenal requires the existence of a tax imposed on the bulk of the population, and the income tax did not become a mass tax until World War II
From Programmatic Reform to Social Science Research: The National Tax Association and the Promise and Perils of Disciplinary Encounters
This article uses the history of the National Tax Association (NTA), the leading twentieth-century organization of tax professionals, to strengthen our empirical understanding of the disciplinary encounter between law and the social sciences. Building on existing sociolegal scholarship, this article explores how the NTA embodied tax law\u27s ambivalent historical interaction with public economics. Since its founding in 1907, the NTA has changed dramatically from an eclectic and catholic organization of tax professionals with a high public profile to an insular, scholarly association of mainly academic public finance economists. Using a mix of quantitative and qualitative historical evidence, we contend that the transformation in the NTA\u27s mission and output can be explained by the increasing professionalization and specialization of tax knowledge, and by the dominant role that public economics has played in shaping that knowledge. This increasing specialization allowed the NTA to secure its position as a bastion of scholarly tax research. But that achievement came at a cost to the organization\u27s broader civic mission. This article is thus a historical account of how two competing professional disciplines-tax law and public economics-have interacted within a particular organizational field, namely the research and analysis of tax law and policy
Diferencias intra e inter individuales en inteligencia social de estudiantes portugueses
Social intelligence is a favorable condition for career decision-making and development. The social intelligence indices
of Portuguese students in school years prior to a career transition are characterized and intra and interindividual differences are
analyzed. Participants were 1095 students (552, 50.4% women) with a mean age of 14.78 years (SD = 1.86), in the 8th (542,
49.5%), 10th (295, 26.9%) and 11th (258, 23.6%) grades. The Cognitive Test of Social Intelligence (PCIS) was administered at
two moments, six months apart. Results indicate that the 8th grade obtained higher average scores in Problem Solving, Motivation
and Self-confidence (time 1), while the 10th grade obtained better results in Problem Solving, Motivation and Familiarity (time 2).
Between the assessment moments, all school years register an increase in Problem Solving and Self-confidence in social situations.
These results constitute favorable psychological conditions for the promotion of ethical questioning in career guidance interventions.A inteligência social constitui uma condição favoråvel à tomada de decisão e ao desenvolvimento vocacional.
Este trabalho visa caracterizar os nĂveis de inteligĂŞncia social, e analisar as diferenças intra e interindividuais, em alunos
portugueses em anos de prÊ-transição vocacional. Participaram 1095 alunos (552, 50% mulheres), com uma mÊdia de idades
de 14,78 anos (DP = 1,86), do 8Âş, 10Âş, e 11Âş nĂveis escolares. Administrou-se a Prova Cognitiva de InteligĂŞncia Social (PCIS),
em dois momentos (T1 e T2), com seis meses de intervalo. Os resultados indicam que o 8Âş ano obteve resultados mĂŠdios
superiores, nos Ăndices de Resolução de Problemas, Motivação e Autoconfiança (T1), enquanto o 10Âş ano obteve resultados
superiores, em Resolução de Problemas, Motivação e Familiaridade (T2). Entre momentos de avaliação, registra-se, para
todos os nĂveis escolares, um aumento em Resolução de Problemas e Autoconfiança em situaçþes sociais. Estes resultados
constituem condiçþes psicológicas favoråveis à promoção do questionamento Êtico nas intervençþes de orientação vocacional.La inteligencia social es una condición favorable para la toma de decisiones y el desarrollo de la carrera. Se
caracterizan los niveles de inteligencia social y sus diferencias intra e interindividuales en estudiantes portugueses en transiciĂłn
pre-profesional. Participaron 1095 estudiantes (552, 50.4% mujeres) con una edad media de 14.78 (DE = 1.86), del 8Âş (542,
49,5%), 10Âş (295, 26.9%) y 11Âş (258, 23.6%) aĂąos escolares. Se administrĂł la Prueba Cognitiva de Inteligencia Social (PCIS) en
dos ocasiones, con seis meses de diferencia. Los resultados indican que los estudiantes del 8Âş grado obtuvieron puntajes medios
mĂĄs altos en la ResoluciĂłn de Problemas, MotivaciĂłn y Confianza (T1), mientras que los del 10Âş grado obtuvieron mejores
resultados en la ResoluciĂłn de Problemas, MotivaciĂłn y Familiaridad (T2). Entre momentos de evaluaciĂłn se registra, para
todos los aĂąos, un aumento en la ResoluciĂłn de Problemas y Confianza en situaciones sociales. Estos resultados constituyen
condiciones psicolĂłgicas favorables a la promociĂłn del cuestionamiento ĂŠtico en las intervenciones de orientaciĂłn profesional.Project coordinated by the fourth author and co-funded by the
Foundation for Science and Technology and the Compete Program -
PTDC/CPE-CED/098896/200
Rightward hemispheric asymmetries in auditory language cortex in children with autistic disorder: an MRI investigation
Purpose: determine if language disorder in children with autistic disorder (AD) corresponds to abnormalities in hemispheric asymmetries in auditory language cortex. Methods: MRI morphometric study in children with AD (nâ=â50) to assess hemispheric asymmetries in auditory language cortex. A key region of interest was the planum temporale (PT), which is larger in the left hemisphere in most healthy individuals. Results: (i) Heschlâs gyrus and planum polare showed typical hemisphere asymmetry patterns; (ii) posterior Superior Temporal Gyrus (pSTG) showed significant rightward asymmetry; and (iii) PT showed a trend for rightward asymmetry that was significant when constrained to right-handed boys (nâ=â30). For right-handed boys, symmetry indices for pSTG were significantly positively correlated with those for PT. PT asymmetry was age dependent, with greater rightward asymmetry with age. Conclusions: results provide evidence for rightward asymmetry in auditory association areas (pSTG and PT) known to subserve language processing. Cumulatively, our data provide evidence for a differing maturational path for PT for lower functioning children with AD, with both pre- and post-natal experience likely playing a role in PT asymmetry
Public health campaigns and obesity - a critique
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Controlling obesity has become one of the highest priorities for public health practitioners in developed countries. In the absence of safe, effective and widely accessible high-risk approaches (e.g. drugs and surgery) attention has focussed on community-based approaches and social marketing campaigns as the most appropriate form of intervention. However there is limited evidence in support of substantial effectiveness of such interventions.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>To date there is little evidence that community-based interventions and social marketing campaigns specifically targeting obesity provide substantial or lasting benefit. Concerns have been raised about potential negative effects created by a focus of these interventions on body shape and size, and of the associated media targeting of obesity.</p> <p>Summary</p> <p>A more appropriate strategy would be to enact high-level policy and legislative changes to alter the obesogenic environments in which we live by providing incentives for healthy eating and increased levels of physical activity. Research is also needed to improve treatments available for individuals already obese.</p
The Fiscal Revolution and Taxation: The Rise of Compensatory Taxation, 1929-1938
Thorndike explores the Keynesian conversion of Treasury Department tax-policy experts during the 1930s. At the beginning of the Great Depression, he narrates that there was no political interest in using tax cuts to promote economic recovery. In fact, in 1932 Congress responded to the economic emergency by enacting a tax increase in the name of fiscal responsibility. By 1937, however, Treasury experts had become persuaded of the merits of countercyclical taxation. Ironically, the first legislative experiment in Keynesian taxation took the form of a tax increase--the short-lived 1937 tax on undistributed corporate profits, intended to stimulate the economy by discouraging corporations from hoarding cash. He explains the use of income tax cuts as weapons in the countercyclical arsenal requires the existence of a tax imposed on the bulk of the population, and the income tax did not become a mass tax until World War II
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