Weighing used for the automatic registration of preferences when testing rats

The preference test is one of the only behavioural test, which gives the animal an opportunity to make a free choice or indicate what it prefers and, therefore, it is widely used to evaluate whether an animal prefers one set-up to another. Providingwhat the experimental animal prefers (eg grids) will reduce stress, good for both experimental reliability and animal welfare.In the present study the rat’s preference for different cages was registered and recorded by digital weights This study showed that this relatively simple set-up was applicable for registration of the preferences for different housing conditions, such as bedding or grid

The application of traditional behavioural and physiological methods for monitoring of the welfare impact of different flooring conditions in rodents

In this study, observations on traditional methods, such as open field test, conicosterone assays and monitoring of barbiturate sleeping time, were performed to validate the impact of housing conditions on the welfare of rats and mice in orderto compare the outcome with observations previously achieved by preference tests and telemetry. These traditional methods failed to demonstrate the impact on the animals caused by grid housing previously shown by telemetry and preference studies, and it is, therefore, concluded that these traditional tests may be less sensitive for monitoring Subtle small environmental impacts on laboratory rodents.Although. the methods were not able to reveal any differences in eortieosterone level and open field test between housing conditions, there were significant differences between mouse strains and sexes. These differences between strains should betaken i nto account when choosing the best suitable strain for a study

Die fixateurassistierte Plattenosteosynthese (FAPO) zur multiplanaren Deformitätenkorrektur

Diese Arbeit besteht aus der Entwicklung eines neuen operativen Korrekturverfahrens bei multiplanaren Fehlstellungen der unteren Extremität, das aus der Kombination eines Hexapod-Systems, des Taylor Spatial Frame (TSF®), und einer internen Osteosynthese durch eine minimal invasiv einzubringende, winkelstabile Platte (Tomofix®) besteht, der so genannten fixateurassisierten Plattenosteosynthese (FAPO). Das Verfahren wurde experimentell an einem Kunstknochen, später an 4 Leichenknochen auf seine Praktikabilität und Korrekturgenauigkeit getestet. Es erwies sich dabei als technisch praktikabel. Im Anschluss wurde das Verfahren bei 4 Patienten mit kongenitalen und posttraumatischen Fehlstellungen angewendet. Hier konnte in allen 3 Ebenen mit einer Genauigkeit von ±2° korrigiert werden. Alle Patienten erzielten eine vollständige knöcherne Ausheilung. Das Follow-up betrug 29,7 Monate. Die Studie belegt, daß mit der FAPO ein neues technisch und praktisch durchführbares Verfahren entwickelt wurde

Un estudio comparativo de actuadores Piezoeléctricos y Magnetoestrictivos para estructuras inteligentes

[EN] This paper introduces a comparative analysis of Piezoelectric (PZ) and Magnetostrictive (MS) actuators as components in smart structures. There is an increasing interest in functional structures which are able to adapt to external or internal perturbations, i.e. changes in loading conditions or ageing. Actuator technologies must perform concomitantly as sensors and actuators to be applicable in smart structures. In this paper we will comparatively analyze the possibility of using PZ and MS actuators in smart structures and in so doing their capability to act concomitantly as sensors and of modifying their material characteristics. We will also focus on the analysis of how them can be integrated in structures and on the analysis of the most appropriate structures for each actuator. The operational performance of PZ (Stacks) and MS actuators will be compared and eventually some conclusions will be drawn.[ES] Este artículo presenta un estudio comparativo de actuadores Piezoeléctricos (PZ) y Magnetoestrictivos (MS) como elementos integrantes de estructuras inteligentes. Existe un interés creciente en estructuras activas que puedan adaptarse a perturbaciones tanto internas como externas, por ejemplo, ante cambios en carga estructural o ante su envejecimiento. Para que un actuador forme parte de una estructura inteligente, debe poder actuar también como sensor. Este artículo presenta un estudio comparativo del uso de actuadores PZ y MS en estructuras inteligentes y, como consecuencia, de su habilidad para actuar y medir simultáneamente así cómo para modificar sus características mecánicas. Nos centraremos también en el análisis de como pueden integrase en estructuras y cuales son las más indicadas para cada actuador. Se compararán las características operacionales de los actuadors PZ multicapa y los MS.Peer reviewe

A study of factors limiting the utility of a digital memory system with nondestructive readout

http://www.archive.org/details/studyoffactorsli00krohU.S. Navy (U.S.N.) author

The Word Problem for Omega-Terms over the Trotter-Weil Hierarchy

For two given $\omega$-terms $\alpha$ and $\beta$, the word problem for $\omega$-terms over a variety $\boldsymbol{\mathrm{V}}$ asks whether $\alpha=\beta$ in all monoids in $\boldsymbol{\mathrm{V}}$. We show that the word problem for $\omega$-terms over each level of the Trotter-Weil Hierarchy is decidable. More precisely, for every fixed variety in the Trotter-Weil Hierarchy, our approach yields an algorithm in nondeterministic logarithmic space (NL). In addition, we provide deterministic polynomial time algorithms which are more efficient than straightforward translations of the NL-algorithms. As an application of our results, we show that separability by the so-called corners of the Trotter-Weil Hierarchy is witnessed by $\omega$-terms (this property is also known as $\omega$-reducibility). In particular, the separation problem for the corners of the Trotter-Weil Hierarchy is decidable

Detection of Inflammatory and Homeostasis Biomarkers after Selective Removal of Carious Dentin—An In Vivo Feasibility Study

Deep carious dentin lesions induce an immune reaction within the pulp-dentin complex, leading to the release of cytokines, which might be suitable biomarkers in pulp diagnostics. This in vivo feasibility study determines the concentration of different cytokines after selective removal of carious infected dentin (SCR). In our methodology, paired samples are obtained from 21 patients—each of them with two deep carious lesions at posterior teeth without clinical symptoms. After SCR, lesions are randomly assigned to treatment strategy: Group 1 (11 patients): Carious dentin is covered either with BiodentineTM (n = 11) or gutta-percha (n = 11) before using the adhesive OptibondTM FL. Group 2 (10 patients): The adhesives ClearfilTM SE Protect Bond (n = 10) or ClearfilTM SE Bond 2 (n = 10) are directly applied. Prepared cavities are rinsed with phosphate buffered saline containing 0.05% Tween 20 (10X) for five minutes immediately after SCR (visit 1) and eight weeks later (visit 2). Rinsing liquid is regained. Concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, C-reactive protein (CRP), TNF-α, IFN-γ, TIMP-1, -2, and MMP-7, -8, -9 are assessed by customized multiplex assays, evaluated with fluorescence analyzer. Non-parametric statistical analysis (Wilcoxon, Mann–Whitney U Test, p < 0.05) is performed (SPSS 25). Our results show that concentrations of CRP, IL-1β, IL-6, TIMP-1, -2, and MMPs were detectable. Median concentrations of CRP, IL-1β und IL-6 were significantly higher in visit 1 (304.9, 107.4, 3.8 pg/mL), compared to visit 2 (67.8, 2.3, 0.0 pg/mL; pi < 0.001). The study revealed that the non-invasive determination of cytokines from prepared dental cavities is possible

Taxation of real estate: Russian reforms and foreign practice

In this report, a comparative analysis of Russian reforms in the field of real estate taxation is conducted and foreign practice investigated