Prevention of Early Life Failure on Cold Bituminous Emulsion Mixtures.

Hot asphalt mixtures for road pavement reach their best performance as soon as the mixtures cool down. Strengthening pavement by means of polymer grid reinforcement had been investigated in the early 1980\u27s, in order to prevent deformation and cracking. It was found that the best grid reinforcement position was at bottom of the asphaltic layer, which is in line with the elastic layer theory. Meanwhile Cold Bituminous Emulsion Mixtures (CBEMs) are weak at their early life time. Therefore, reinforcement may be required to prevent deformation of the mixtures, because they still contain some amount of water. The objective of the investigation was to find out the suitable location of the reinforcement on CBEMs at earliest age practicable for preventing early life failure. The reinforcement materials used was \u27plastic cells\u27 which were made from standard extruded polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sheet. The plastic cells were positioned at the middle height and close to the surface of the CBEMs samples. The samples were subjected to a dynamic cylindrical loading, where the number of dynamic load applied and the deformation were electronically recorded. Stress and strain distributions were analyzed using BISAR 3.0 software from Shell company. It was found that the suitable position of the reinforcement on CBEMs is on the upper side (close to the surface), which give significant prevention on deformation and cracks during early age. Keywords: cold asphalt mixtures, early failure, reinforcement

Performance Of Cold Bituminous Emulsion Mixtures (Cbem\u27s) Incorporating Waste Material

ABSTRAK This paper presents brief design procedure and the performance of Cold Bituminous Emulsion Mixture (CBEM\u27s) incorporating waste material. Three design procedures were combined and adopted in this investigatiOn. One was based on the Asphalt Institute guidelines, two others were based on the AASHTO. The binder used was a Cationic Bitumen \u27Emulsion that contains 62 % residual bitumen of 100-pen grade base bitumen produced by TotalFinaElf Ltd.-UK. The aggregates were limestone coarse aggregate, red porphyry sand a by-product of stone crusher, and limestone filler. The results indicated that the Optimum Residual Bitumen Content was 6 %. Most properties tested meet the specification. However the Total Voids in medium compaction was 12.575 % that can be reduced by simply increasing the compactive effort to heavy compaction that gave 9.155 % which is within the allowable range. The strength of the mixture can be significantly increased by either adding or substituting the filler with 2 % Ordinary Portland Cement in order to be equal with hot mixes at full curing condition where all water content had evaporated. It can be concluded that by increasing compactive effort. the total voids can be reduced. Addition or substitution of filler with OPC gives significant strength improvement. However, the concern remains on weak early strength and long curing time. Therefore a lot of efforts are still need to be endeavored to improve the performance of CBEM\u27s. Keywords: Cold Mix, Emulsion, and Waste Material

Hot Asphalt Pavement Mixtures Incorporating All Waste Materials

This paper describes the performances of asphalt hot mixtures incorporating all waste materials: crushed glass; steel slag; and coal ashes, i.e. fly ash and furnace bottom ash (FBA) into hot asphalt mixtures. The mixture properties evaluated were: volumetric properties, stiffness modulus (ITSM), dynamic creep, and creep stiffness. These properties were compared with conventional hot asphalt mixtures, i.e. not containing any waste/recycled materials. Porosity of 4 % and indirect tensile stiffness (ITSM) value of 2000 MPa was selected for low to medium trafficked road. Compared with other waste materials used, FBA has most significant potential to reduce stiffness; hence the main objective of the experiments was to evaluate the performance on the mixtures and to limit the incorporation of FBA for maintaining the stiffness (ITSM) of the mixtures. It was found that hot asphalt mixtures can incorporate all waste materials tried where a limited amount of FBA (up to 25 % of the fines aggregate components) can be used to maintain mix stiffness. The utilization of harder bitumen grades (minimum 50 pen.) is recommended

The Effect of Compaction Delay and Rate of Strength Gain on Cold Bituminous Emulsion Mixtures

Cold bituminous emulsion mixtures (CBEMs) are suitable for small scale jobs such as road maintenance works. When works are located at different locations, delay in compaction after mixing is inevitable. CBEMs are also weak within their early life strength, as it contains water. The objectives of the investigation were to study the effect of compaction delay and the rate of strength gain of CBEMs cured outdoors. It was found that the CBEMs, with or without cement, preferably to be compacted soon after mixing. When there is a delay in compaction, the loose mixture should be kept in a sealed container and to be compacted within 24 hours (without cement) or after 24 hours when incorporating cement (rapid setting cement-RSC). Addition of 2% of RSC by mass of aggregates significantly improves stiffness, and stiffness of 2000 MPa targeted was achieved within less than two weeks

The Correlation Between Body Fat Percentage and Peak Expiratory Flow in Children Aged 10-12 Years at SD Negeri 8 Dauh Puri

Background: The accumulation of fat decreases lung function. Peak expiratory flow is an indicator for assessing pulmonary function and can be used to identify the narrowing or obstruction of the airway. This study aimed to examine the correlation between body fat percentage and peak expiratory flow in children aged 10-12 years.Methods: This study was an analytical study with a cross-sectional design carried out in March 2019 at SD Negeri 8 Dauh Puri, Denpasar. Sampling was done by simple random sampling, and 84 samples were recruited who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Body fat percentage was measured using Bioelectric Impedance Analysis, while peak expiratory flow was measured using Peak Flow Meters. Data analysis was done using the Pearson Correlation test..Result: The Pearson Correlation Test showed a negative weak correlation between the percentage of body fat and peak expiratory flow with p=0.009 and a correlation coefficient of -0.284. It can be interpreted that the higher the body fat percentage, the higher the value of peak expiratory flow.Conclusion : There is a significant correlation between body fat percentage and peak expiratory flow in children aged 10-12 years at SD Negeri 8 Dauh Puri

The Relationship Between Smartphone Addiction and Forward Head Posture in Junior High School Students in North Denpasar

Background:Nowadays, the smartphone has become an important requirement. The number of smartphone users and the duration of smartphone use is increasing rapidly, and the side effects can be detrimental one of them is forward head posture. The prevalence of forward head posture is greater women (24.1%) than men (9.1%).Methods:This study was an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design.This research was conducted in April 2019 in SMP Negeri 2 Denpasar and SMP Negeri 4 Denpasar andincluding 56 samples, who were recruited through simple random sampling.Variables studied are smartphone addition was measured using the Smartphone Addiction Scale questionnaire, and forward head posture was measured by measuring craniovertebral angles. Data analysis was done using the Chi-Square test. Result: Based on this study, smartphone addiction was related to forward head posture. The research shows that as many as 45 samples had Smartphone Addiction (80.35%) while those who had forward head posture were 29 samples (51.78%).Conclusion : Ignorance of how to sort and choose the effects of globalization, especially smartphone use, which can lead to posture disorders. The factor recognized factors for the occurrences of the forward head posture the lack of education about ergonomic positions when using a smartphone. Parents are advised to set the right smartphone usage for children as early as possible

Analysis of Stiffness Modulus of Asphalt Concrete Mixture by Using Artificial Aggregates

The type of damage to the pavement layer is cracking and permanent deformation. The mechanism of cracking in the pavement layer occurs because of the tensile force at the bottom of the pavement layer due to the wheel load of the vehicle. One parameter of a mixture to achieve strength and durability as needed is the relationship of stress and strain which shows the stiffness of a mixture. Indirect Tensile Strength is a method used to show the stiffness of a mixture. As infrastructure development in Indonesia continues to increase, the availability of natural aggregate materials is decreasing. One of the uses of geopolymer can be used as artificial aggregates to replace the depleted natural aggregates. The purpose of this study was to review the stiffness modulus of concrete asphalt mixture with the use of artificial aggregates made from geopolymer by using open gradations of BBA (Beton Bitumineux pour chausees Aeronautques). From the test results using the Dynapave UTM30 tool at 20 °Celsius and 60 °Celsius, stiffness modulus values of the asphalt mixture are 3542 MPa and 147 MPa. The increase in temperature causes a decrease in the stiffness modulus value of 96%, so that the increase in temperature will be accompanied by a decrease in the stiffness modulus

Properties of Cold Asphalt Emulsion Mixtures (CAEMs) Using Materials from Old Road Pavement Milling

AbstractCold Asphalt Emulsion Mixtures (CAEMs) can be produced at room temperature. CAEMs can incorporate milled old road pavement. Some virgin aggregate and rice husk ash as filler material and cement was added into the mixture. The samples were subjected to compaction delay for up to 24hours and cured at room temperature for up to 8 days and cured to full curing condition. The samples required more pronounced compaction effort. The cured samples met the minimum stability of 3 KN. The increased strength at early aged at tropical room temperature was found more dominant due to the water evaporation than cement content

The Relationship Between Smartphone Addiction and Forward Head Posture in Junior High School Students in North Denpasar

ABSTRACTBackground:Nowadays, the smartphone has become an important requirement. The number of smartphone users and the duration of smartphone use is increasing rapidly, and the side effects can be detrimental one of them is forward head posture. The prevalence of forward head posture is greater women (24.1%) than men (9.1%).Methods:This study was an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design.This research was conducted in April 2019 in SMP Negeri 2 Denpasar and SMP Negeri 4 Denpasar andincluding 56 samples, who were recruited through simple random sampling.Variables studied are smartphone addition was measured using the Smartphone Addiction Scale questionnaire, and forward head posture was measured by measuring craniovertebral angles. Data analysis was done using the Chi-Square test. Result: Based on this study, smartphone addiction was related to forward head posture. The research shows that as many as 45 samples had Smartphone Addiction (80.35%) while those who had forward head posture were 29 samples (51.78%).Conclusion : Ignorance of how to sort and choose the effects of globalization, especially smartphone use, which can lead to posture disorders. The factor recognized factors for the occurrences of the forward head posture the lack of education about ergonomic positions when using a smartphone. Parents are advised to set the right smartphone usage for children as early as possible

Production Stage and Risk Identification on Asphalt Mixing Plant in Bali

Cost, quality and time are an important performance indicators in the project success. To achieve these objectives various risks are faced in each project life cycle. One of these risks is supply chain risk, which must be managed properly, doe to the uncertainty in this activity. There are still many companies that do not understand the importance of supply chains, so they often become obstacles in achieving project goals This study aims to identify risk factors in each stage of supply chain activities, in road infrastructure in Bali Province. Data were collected from questionnaire survey, interviews and focus group discussion from 15 units asphalt mixing plant supplier in Bali, who understand supply chain issues, especially in road infrastructure work in the province of Bali. The results of research on risk is firstly AMP production processes identified as a field of manufacturing industry that produces hot asphalt used in infrastructure projects in Bali. This research was conducted at the AMP unit found in Bali. From research, the production process and AMP business are based on Supply, Input, Process, Output and Customer activities. (SIPOC). After the activities contained in the Asphalt production process, it is known that further risks can be identified. Second identity the risk on SIPOC process