The use of nutraceuticals in veterinary ophthalmology

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária, área científica de ClínicaABSTRACT - Nutraceuticals are natural compounds which include supplements and functional foods with potential health benefits. Little is known about their use, namely regarding veterinary ophthalmology. The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of its usage in veterinary ophthalmology in a studied sample. A retrospective study was developed resorting to the database of the Teaching Hospital of the FMV-ULisbon between 2021 and 2023. All the animals who attended a consultation in this period, and, after a complete ophthalmological evaluation, reached a diagnosis of at least one of the five groups of ophthalmic diseases: (1) glaucoma, (2) retinopathies, (3) diseases of the lens or crystalline, (4) ocular surface diseases and (5) nonspecific vision loss, were included in the sample. From these cases, all the animals to which at least one nutraceutical was administered, as therapeutical adjuvant to an ophthalmic disease, were selected. The used nutraceutical compounds were registered. For the recollection and analysis of the data Microsoft Office Excel 2007® and descriptive statistis were used. 1005 clinical cases, of which 90% (907/1005) were dogs, fulfilled the selection criteria. The most common ophthalmic affection in the sample were diseases of the lens (60%, 603/1005), following by retinopathies (17%, 169/1005), ocular surface diseases (15%, 152/1005), glaucoma (5%, 53/1005), and nonspecific vision loss (3% 28/1005). Nutraceuticals were used in 278 animals, representing 28% of prevalence of the use of these compounds in the studied sample. The ophthalmic disease in which nutraceuticals were more frequently prescribed were nonspecific vision loss (100%), followed by retinopathies (43%), ocular surface diseases (34%), glaucoma (25%), and cataracts (18%). The most used nutraceutical was an antioxidant enriched with omega-3 fatty acids and carotenoids, prescribed in 107 cases; followed by another antioxidant enriched with magnesium (91 cases), vitamin A (65 cases), Ginkgo Biloba extract (19 cases), and other supplements including Ursodeoxycholic Acid, Selenium, and Coenzyme Q10. Nowadays, nutraceuticals are being used as therapeutical adjuvants in several ophthalmic diseases such as nonspecific vision loss, retinopathies, ocular surface diseases, glaucoma, and cataracts. However, more clinical studies to assess the indications, effects, safety, and dosage of these compounds should be performed. A well-stablished regulation and control of the commercialization and administration of nutraceuticals is also neededRESUMO - O USO DE NUTRACEUTICOS EM OFTALMOLOGIA VETERINARIA - Os nutracêuticos são compostos naturais que incluem suplementos e alimentos funcionais com potenciais benefícios para a saúde. Pouco se sabe sobre o seu uso, nomeadamente na área de oftalmologia veterinária. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência do uso de nutracêuticos em oftalmologia veterinária na amostra em estudo. Realizou-se um estudo retrospetivo recorrendo à base de dados do Hospital Escolar da FMV-ULisboa entre 2021 e 2023. Foram incluídos na amostra todos os animais que, neste período, foram a uma consulta e, após uma avaliação oftalmológica completa, foram diagnosticados com pelo menos uma de cinco categorias de doenças: (1) glaucoma, (2) retinopatias, (3) doenças da lente ou cristalino, (4) doenças da superfície ocular e (5) perda de visão inespecífica. Destes casos foram selecionados os animais aos quais foi administrado pelo menos um nutracêutico como terapêutica adjuvante de doença ocular. Foram registados quais os compostos utilizados. Recorreu-se ao programa Microsoft Office Excel 2007® e a estatística descritiva. Cumpriram os critérios de seleção 1005 casos clínicos, em que 90% (907/1005) corresponderam a cães. A doença oftálmica mais comum foram as alterações da lente (60%, 603/1005), seguindo-se as retinopatias (17%, 169/1005), as doenças da superfície ocular (15%, 152/1005), o glaucoma (5%, 53/1005) e a perda de visão inespecífica (3%, 28/1005). Foi prescrito pelo menos um nutracêutico em 278 casos, representando uma prevalência de 28% de utilização. A doença oftálmica em que mais frequentemente foram prescritos foram as perdas de visão inespecífica (100%), seguindo-se as retinopatias (43%), as doenças da superfície ocular (34%), o glaucoma (25%) e as cataratas (18%). O nutracêutico mais utilizado foi um suplemento antioxidante enriquecido com ácidos gordos ómega-3 e carotenoides, receitado em 107 casos; seguido de um suplemento antioxidante enriquecido com magnésio (91 casos), vitamina A (65 casos), extrato de Ginkgo Biloba (19 casos) e outros suplementos incluindo o Ácido Ursodesoxicólico, Selénio, e Coenzima Q10. Os nutracêuticos são atualmente utilizados como coadjuvantes terapêuticos em várias doenças oftálmicas, nomeadamente em perdas de visão inespecíficas, retinopatias, doenças da superfície ocular, glaucoma e cataratas. No entanto, mais estudos devem ser realizados para avaliar as indicações, efeitos, segurança e dosagem ideal. É necessário criar regulamentação e controlo adequados da comercialização e administração desses compostos naturaisN/

José Bergamín and his Theater in France

El teatro de José Bergamín durante su exilio en Francia abarca más de una década, entre 1954 y 1970. A lo largo de los mismos encontramos cuatro obras interesantes por tratar bien temas del Siglo de Oro –la Gatomaquia lopesca–, bien de la mitología griega –La sangre de Antígona y Donde una voz se apaga–; o girar alrededor de un poema de Baudelaire, La cama, tumba del sueño o El dormitorio. La relevancia de este autor de la llamada Generación del 27 en su estancia parisina se manifiesta, además, en las traducciones y obras suyas que se representaron durante esos años en Francia. Siempre con el objetivo puesto en su labor dramática, resulta interesante comprobar esa influencia en sus últimas producciones dramáticas, algunas de las cuales fueron escritas en francés.José Bergamín’s theater during his exile in France goes from 1954 to 1970. During these years, he wrote four interesting plays to talk about, with subjects found in the Spanish “Siglo de Oro” –the “lopesca” Gatomaquia–; from the Greek mythology – La sangre de Antígona and Donde una voz se apaga–; or from Baudelaire’s poem, La cama, tumba del sueño o El dormitorio. The relevance of this author of the Generation of the 27th in his stay in Paris is also evident in the translations and performances during those years in France. It is interesting to see that influence in his last dramatic plays, some of them were even written in French

El Teatro en el exilio de José Bergamín

Consultable des del TDXTítol obtingut de la portada digitalitzadaEsta tesis estudia la producción teatral de José Bergamín durante los años de su exilio, entre 1939 y su vuelta definitiva a España, en 1970. Aunque ese límite temporal será aún más breve, puesto que la primera obra dramática que publicó en el exilio aparece en 1944, mientras que la redacción de las dos últimas corresponde, aproximadamente, a 1956. Nuestro estudio aparece en dos volúmenes. En el primero de ellos hemos desgranado diversas cuestiones divididas en cuatro capítulos: «La producción teatral de Bergamín en el exilio», «Las ideas sobre el teatro y la preceptiva dramática de José Bergamín», «Rasgos generales de su teatro» y «Estudio particular de cada una de las nueve obras que componen el teatro en el destierro de José Bergamín». En el primer capítulo hemos realizado un recorrido cronológico sobre el «peregrinaje» de José Bergamín por tierras americanas y francesas para entender la relación personal de nuestro escritor con su producción dramática y relacionar mejor sus obras dramáticas con el resto de su labor literaria. En el segundo capítulo nos hemos preocupado por José Bergamín como teórico o «preceptista» del teatro. Resulta interesante comprobar cuál era el modelo ideal de obra escénica que poseía, así como su afán por llegar a representarlas ante un público lo más mayoritario posible, a pesar de que en la práctica este hecho no fuera posible. Por otro lado, sobre lo que realmente «ha quedado dicho» versa el tercer capítulo, donde recorremos las principales inquietudes, temas y recursos de las piezas dramáticas que escribió. El cuarto capítulo de esta tesis se centra en la aproximación individual a cada una de las nueve piezas que conforman la labor teatral de esta etapa, haciendo especial hincapié en el estudio de las fuentes o modelos previos a esos personajes y conflictos y que Bergamín adapta a su manera peculiar de ver la literatura y la vida, otorgando siempre un sesgo nuevo a una historia que podríamos «olvidar de puro sabida». En el segundo volumen hemos incluido las nueve piezas que escribió durante su exilio. Nos parecía importante incluir su edición como un apartado más de esta tesis por dos motivos fundamentales. En primer lugar, para facilitar su lectura, pues todas ellas resultan de difícil localización, diseminadas como están por otros países, y constreñidas a las ediciones limitadas de impresiones en revistas o publicaciones de pocos ejemplares. En segundo lugar, creíamos necesario ofrecer una edición anotada de estas obras como compensación a ese mismo abandono en que las mismas se encuentran. Por otro lado, al igual que ocurría con los estudios correspondientes, no hemos utilizado un molde idéntico para todas ellas, aunque siempre hemos anotado los guiños que Bergamín incluye respecto a otras obras suyas, así como aquellas citas literarias o alusiones históricas que hemos creído oportuno glosar o matizar.Our dissertation studies the theatre plays which José Bergamín wrote theatre while he exiled from Spain, between 1939 and his definitive return to his country in 1970. However, this time span was actually shorter - from a literary point of view - since his first theatre play came out in 1944, whereas the lasts two were written in Paris in 1956. Our work appears in two volumes. In the first one, we have tackled a series of questions throughout four capitols: «Bergamín's dramatic production in exile», «Joss Bergamín's ideas about theatre and drama precepts Bergamín», «General aspects of his theatre» and «Particular study of each of the nine plays which make up the whole of Bergamín's theatre in the exile». In the first chapter we make a chronological description of Bergamín's travel around American and French in order to understand the personal relationship the writer and his dramatic production. In particular, we were able to study the connections between his theatre and the rest of his literary texts. In the second chapter, we considered Bergamín as theorist or «instructor in theatre precepts». It is interesting to know his ideal of a scenic opera, and how he endeavoured to have it represented for as large a public as possible, even if this could not be feasible. The third chapter deals with «what has actually been said». Here we describe the most important questions, themes and methods in his dramatic texts in exile. In chapter four, we study the literary sources or patterns, his dramatic persona and the conflicts that Bergamín takes and adapts to his view of life and literature, casting new light on the story that we could «olvidar de puro sabida». In the second volume, we include annotated editions of the nine plays he wrote in exile. There are two main reasons why we decided to do so: firstly because all these plays were published in different places and came out in limited editions of books and magazines from South American countries, which makes it very difficult to locate and read them; secondly, we thought it was necessary to provide an annotated of these texts, so that they became better known because we believe Bergamín himself and his theatre deserve some compensation for all the years of oblivion and obscurity to which they have been condemned. Finally, we have not used the same method of study in each edition. We have always included quotations about our author and his work - by other writer or by Bergamín himself - taken from other books, as well as historical allusions, sayings, popular songs or children's games

Tres cartas autógrafas de Santa Teresa : escritas respectivamente en 10 y 15 de Abril de 1580 y 9 de octubre de 1581 : publicado en el Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia, julio-septiembre, 1910.

Copia digital. Valladolid : Junta de Castilla y León. Consejería de Cultura y Turismo, 201

Otras tres cartas autógrafas de Santa Teresa.

Extracto del Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia, tomos LVII y LVIII, cuadernos de diciembre de 1910 y enero de 1911Copia digital. Valladolid : Junta de Castilla y León. Consejería de Cultura y Turismo, 201

St. Teresa's own words or Instructions on the Prayer of Recollection.

Copia digital. Valladolid : Junta de Castilla y León. Consejería de Cultura y Turismo, 201

Documentos inéditos acerca de Santa Teresa : Don Alonso Sánchez de Cepeda, padre de Santa Teresa ; Nuevos datos biográficos ; El palomar de Gotarrendura y tres billetes autógrafos de Santa Teresa ; El palacio y palomar de la Santa en Gotarrendura ; Noticias.

En port.: Extracto del Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia, tomo LXV, cuaderno de Julio-Agosto de 1914.Copia digital. Valladolid : Junta de Castilla y León. Consejería de Cultura y Turismo, 201

Carta inédita y autógrafa de Santa Teresa (24 abril, 1581)

Extracto del Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia, tomo LVII, cuadernos de Octubre y Noviembre de 1910.Copia digital. Valladolid : Junta de Castilla y León. Consejería de Cultura y Turismo, 201

The genomic basis of the plant island syndrome in Darwin’s giant daisies

Artículo escrito por un elevado número de autores. Solo se referencia el que aparece en primer lugar, el nombre del grupo de colaboración si hubiere y los autores pertenecientes a la UAMThe repeated, rapid and often pronounced patterns of evolutionary divergence observed in insular plants, or the ‘plant island syndrome’, include changes in leaf phenotypes, growth, as well as the acquisition of a perennial lifestyle. Here, we sequence and describe the genome of the critically endangered, Galápagos-endemic species Scalesia atractyloides Arnot., obtaining a chromosome-resolved, 3.2-Gbp assembly containing 43,093 candidate gene models. Using a combination of fossil transposable elements, k-mer spectra analyses and orthologue assignment, we identify the two ancestral genomes, and date their divergence and the polyploidization event, concluding that the ancestor of all extant Scalesia species was an allotetraploid. There are a comparable number of genes and transposable elements across the two subgenomes, and while their synteny has been mostly conserved, we find multiple inversions that may have facilitated adaptation. We identify clear signatures of selection across genes associated with vascular development, growth, adaptation to salinity and flowering time, thus finding compelling evidence for a genomic basis of the island syndrome in one of Darwin’s giant daisiesThis work was supported by the Norwegian Research Council via project number 287327 awarded to M.D.M., and a travel grant (project number 287327) granted to J.Ce. and M.D.M