EL TRATADO DE TAPIHUE ENTRE CIERTOS LINAJES MAPUCHES Y EL GOBIERNO DE CHILE (1825)

Indexación: Web of Science; ScieloThe document reproduced here is a photographic copy ofthe only printed version of the Tapihue Treaty, signed on January 7, 1825, by the patriot army colonel and commander in chiefofthe High Frontier, Pedro Barnechea, representing the Government ofChile and the principal chiefofthe alliance "llanista" Juan Mariluán,. It was the first ofseveral peace agreement sheld between the republic and the various lineages Mapuche groups after independence. While the content of the treaty has circulated before, a visual reproduction of the original form after being published by order ofCongress, in the workshops ofthe National Printing Office, Santiago de Chile, was not available. It is therefore a reliable picture of the "official" sponsored by the Chilean legislature. It is preceded by a presentation that explains the history surrounding its release, rediscovery and technical analysis. Likewise, this presentation provides comments relevant to the legal scope, anthropological and political content. It makes a special reflection on the political status acquired through the territory ofAraucania, one of the themes of this work, derivedfrom Fondecytproject on the development ofthe Mapuche society at the beginnings ofthe Chilean republic.Resumen: El documento reproducido es una copia fotográfica del único texto impreso del Tratado de Tapihue, suscrito el 7 de enero de 1825, por el coronel del ejército patriota y comandante en jefe de la Alta Frontera, Pedro Barnechea, en representación del gobierno de Chile, y el cacique principal de la alianza "llanista", Juan Mariluán; el primero de varios acuerdos de paz llevados a cabo entre la república y las diversas parcialidades mapuches, tras la Independencia. Si bien el contenido del tratado ha sido muy difundido últimamente, nunca se había efectuado una reprografía visual del impreso original, tras su publicación, por orden del Congreso Nacional, en los talleres de la Imprenta Nacional, de Santiago de Chile. Se trata, por consiguiente, de una imagen fidedigna de la versión "oficial" patrocinada por el poder legislativo chileno. Va precedido de una presentación que ilustra al lector sobre los antecedentes que rodearon su edición, redescubrimiento y análisis técnico. Asimismo, se brindan comentarios pertinentes a los alcances jurídicos, antropológicos y políticos de su contenido. Se formula una especial reflexión en torno al estatus político adquirido por el territorio de la Araucanía, uno de los ejes temáticos de este trabajo, derivado de un proyecto Fondecyt relativo al devenir de la sociedad en los orígenes de la república.http://ref.scielo.org/v4fcq

Pupal surveys for Aedes aegypti surveillance and potential targeted control in residential areas of Mérida, México.

A mosquito larval-pupal survey was conducted in 1,160 households of the Mexican city of Mérida during the rainy season of 2003 to determine their differential productivity for Aedes aegypti. Larvae and pupae were detected in 15 broad categories of container types. All breeding sites were found in the patios (backyards) and were potentially rain filled. Ae. aegypti pupae were produced from all categories of breeding site, and no single container type was predominately responsible for pupal production. The most productive buckets comprised 42% of the pupae-positive containers and provided 34% of the total pupae collected. Pupal production in buckets, together with plastic rubbish, pet dishes and basins, utensils for cooking and washing, tires, and flowerpots, accounted for almost 87% of pupal production. However, the most important pupal producers had low infestation indices for immature forms, illustrating that the use of positive-container indices can underestimate the importance of certain breeding sites. Overall, 40% of containers that were observed harboring Ae. aegypti pupae were classified as disposable. The remaining containers were considered useful, although some were seldom used. The discussion focuses on the potential utility of the pupal survey for targeting control, and its resulting pupae-per-person entomological indicator, both for comparison with a theoretical threshold for dengue transmission and for targeting vector control in this Mexican city

Soroprevalência da infecção pelo T. cruzi em doadores de sangue e cardiomiopatia chagásica em pacientes da região carbonífera de Coahuila, México

Context and Objective: Chagas disease is considered a worldwide emerging disease; it is endemic in Mexico and the state of Coahuila and is considered of little relevance. The objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of T. cruzi infection in blood donors and Chagas cardiomyopathy in patients from the coal mining region of Coahuila, Mexico. Design and Setting: Epidemiological, exploratory and prospective study in a general hospital during the period January to June 2011. Methods: We performed laboratory tests ELISA and indirect hemagglutination in three groups of individuals: 1) asymptomatic voluntary blood donors, 2) patients hospitalized in the cardiology department and 3) patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Results: There were three levels of seroprevalence: 0.31% in asymptomatic individuals, 1.25% in cardiac patients and in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy in 21.14%. Conclusions: In spite of having detected autochthonous cases of Chagas disease, its importance to local public health remains to be established as well as the details of the dynamics of transmission so that the study is still in progress.Contexto e Objetivo: A doença de Chagas é mundialmente considerada uma doença emergente, é endêmica no México e no estado de Coahuila e considerada de pouca relevância. O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a soroprevalência da infecção pelo T. cruzi em doadores de sangue e cardiomiopatia chagásica em pacientes da região carbonífera de Coahuila, México. Desenho e Local: Estudo epidemiológico, exploratório e prospectivo em um hospital geral no período de janeiro a junho de 2011. Métodos: Foram realizados testes de laboratório ELISA e hemoglutinação indireta em três grupos de indivíduos: 1) doadores de sangue voluntários assintomáticos, 2) pacientes internados na área de cardiologia e 3) pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada. Resultados: Foram achados três níveis de soroprevalência: 0,31% em indivíduos doadores de sangue assintomáticos, 1,25% em pacientes cardiopatas e, em pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada 21,14%. Conclusão: Detectamos casos autóctones de doença de Chagas em área considerada não endêmica. Deve ser determinada sua importância na saúde pública regional e local, para estabelecer os detalhes do mecanismo de transmissão. O estudo ainda está em desenvolvimento

Prototype/topic based Clustering Method for Weblogs

[EN] In the last 10 years, the information generated on weblog sites has increased exponentially, resulting in a clear need for intelligent approaches to analyse and organise this massive amount of information. In this work, we present a methodology to cluster weblog posts according to the topics discussed therein, which we derive by text analysis. We have called the methodology Prototype/Topic Based Clustering, an approach which is based on a generative probabilistic model in conjunction with a Self-Term Expansion methodology. The usage of the Self-Term Expansion methodology is to improve the representation of the data and the generative probabilistic model is employed to identify relevant topics discussed in the weblogs. We have modified the generative probabilistic model in order to exploit predefined initialisations of the model and have performed our experiments in narrow and wide domain subsets. The results of our approach have demonstrated a considerable improvement over the pre-defined baseline and alternative state of the art approaches, achieving an improvement of up to 20% in many cases. The experiments were performed on both narrow and wide domain datasets, with the latter showing better improvement. However in both cases, our results outperformed the baseline and state of the art algorithms.The work of the third author was carried out in the framework of the WIQ-EI IRSES project (Grant No. 269180) within the FP7 Marie Curie, the DIANA APPLICATIONS Finding Hidden Knowledge in Texts: Applications (TIN2012-38603-C02-01) project and the VLC/CAMPUS Microcluster on Multimodal Interaction in Intelligent Systems.Perez-Tellez, F.; Cardiff, J.; Rosso, P.; Pinto Avendaño, DE. (2016). Prototype/topic based Clustering Method for Weblogs. Intelligent Data Analysis. 20(1):47-65. https://doi.org/10.3233/IDA-150793S476520

Weblog and short text feature extraction and impact on categorisation

The characterisation and categorisation of weblogs and other short texts has become an important research theme in the areas of topic/trend detection, and pattern recognition, amongst others. The value of analysing and characterising short text is to understand and identify the features that can identify and distinguish them, thereby improving input to the classification process. In this research work, we analyse a large number of text features and establish which combinations are useful to discriminate between the different genres of short text. Having identified the most promising features, we then confirm our findings by performing the categorisation task using three approaches: the Gaussian and SVM classifiers and the K-means clustering algorithm. Several hundred combinations of features were analysed in order to identify the best combinations and the results confirmed the observations made. The novel aspect of our work is the detection of the best combination of individual metrics which are identified as potential features to be used for the categorisation process.The research work of the third author is partially funded by the WIQ-EI (IRSES grant n. 269180) and DIANA APPLICATIONS (TIN2012-38603-C02-01), and done in the framework of the VLC/Campus Microcluster on Multimodal Interaction in Intelligent Systems.Perez Tellez, F.; Cardiff, J.; Rosso, P.; Pinto Avendaño, DE. (2014). Weblog and short text feature extraction and impact on categorisation. Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems. 27(5):2529-2544. https://doi.org/10.3233/IFS-141227S2529254427

Solução para a mediterraneidade da Bolivia: uma proposta desde o Chile

After the signing of the 1904 Treaty between Chile and Bolivia, the former was left without a sovereign outlet to the Pacific Ocean. This article gives an account of how Chile throughout the twentieth century has had as a State policy, finding a formula to give Bolivia access to the sea. In addition, this paper presents a proposal to solve Bolivia's landlocking, based on the experience of the Antarctic Treaty of 1959 and finally, analyzes the power relations involved that facilitate or impede a solution.Tras la firma del Tratado de 1904 suscrito entre Chile y Bolivia, este último Estado se quedó sin una salida soberana al océano pacífico. El presente artículo da cuenta de cómo Chile a lo largo del siglo XX ha tenido como política de Estado buscar alguna fórmula para brindarle acceso al mar a Bolivia. Además, este artículo presenta una propuesta para solucionar la mediterraneidad de Bolivia, basada en la experiencia del Tratado Antártico de 1959, y finalmente analiza las relaciones de poder involucradas que facilitarían o impedirían una solución.Após a assinatura do Tratado de 1904 entre o Chile e a Bolívia, este último Estado foi deixado sem uma saída soberana para o Oceano Pacífico. Este artigo descreve como o Chile no decorrer do século XX manteve uma política de Estado a fim de encontrar uma fórmula para dar à Bolívia um acesso ao mar. Além disso, este trabalho apresenta uma proposta para resolver a mediterraneidade da Bolívia, com base na experiência do Tratado Antártico de 1959 e, finalmente, analisa as relações de poder envolvidas que facilitaria ou impediria uma solução