Determinación de la calidad de sitio y productividad de los bosques de Palo Santo en el norte de Argentina = Determination of site quality and productivity of Palo Santo forests in northern Argentina

El objetivo general del trabajo fue aportar información sobre la productividad y calidad de sitio para los bosques de Palo Santo en su área de distribución en Argentina, a fin de establecer lineamientos unificadores de manejo y uso para su aprovechamiento sostenible. Se utilizó información de 482 parcelas de inventarios forestales nacionales, regionales y locales de diferentes años en el norte de Argentina, que provienen de muestreos realizados en bosques nativos en tenencias de comunidades aborígenes, campesinas y planes de manejo. Se utilizó el área basal, volumen de fuste y altura dominante de Palo Santo de cada una de las parcelas para determinar clases de calidad de sitio y mediante una clasificación de un mosaico de imágenes satelitales Landsat del año 2019 con sus bandas originales y diferentes índices, fracciones, pendientes y proxys relacionados a la estructura de la vegetación. A partir de los datos, se calculó la duración del ciclo de corta y la intensidad de corta sostenible para los bosques de Palo Santo según su calidad de sitio. Los resultados permiten asumir que las existencias de Palo Santo son suficientes para continuar con su aprovechamiento sostenible sin comprometer su persistencia. La información generada es de utilidad para los tomadores de decisión, reflejando, además, el potencial forestal de la especie su aporte a las economías regionales y al desarrollo de los entramados productivos provinciales.The general objective of this study was to provide information regarding the productivity and site quality of Palo Santo forests in their Argentinean distribution area in order to establish guidelines for sustainable management and use. We used data taken from 482 plots as part of national, regional and local forest inventories in northern Argentina, carried out in native forests within aboriginal and peasant community tenures and management plans. Basal area, stem volume and dominant height of Palo Santo trees were used to determine site quality class. This was correlated to forest structure by using a classification mosaic from Landsat satellite images. A sustainable cutting cycle duration and harvest intensity for Palo Santo forests were calculated according to their site quality. The results suggest that the current stocks of Palo Santo are sufficient to continue with its sustainable use without compromising its longterm availability. This information is useful for decision makers and defines the potential of the species to provide resources to regional economies and provincial productive development.EEA Sáenz PeñaFil: Kees, Sebastian Miguel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Sáenz Peña. Campo Anexo Estación Forestal Plaza; Argentina.Fil: Loto, Dante. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Instituto de Silvicultura y Manejo de Bosques; Argentina.Fil: Loto, Dante. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina.Fil: Azcona, Maximiliano. Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable de la Nación. Dirección Nacional de Bosques. Autoridad Científica CITES en especies forestales; Argentina.Fil: De Tellería, Santiago. Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable de la Nación. Dirección Nacional de Bosques. Autoridad Científica CITES en especies forestales; Argentina.Fil: Manghi, Eduardo. Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable de Nación. Dirección de Bosques. Secretaría de Política Ambiental en Recursos Naturales; Argentina.Fil: Gaitan, Juan José. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de investigación de Suelos; Argentina.Fil: Chifarelli, Vanina. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales; Argentina.Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santa Cruz; Argentina.Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral; Argentina.Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Estructura vertical de bosques de Gonopterodendron sarmientoi en Argentina

Se ajustaron funciones preliminares y regionales de altura media por clase diamétrica de palo santo (Gonopterodendron sarmientoi) para ser utilizadas en el Parque Chaqueño. Las funciones obtenidas predicen la altura total media por clase diamétrica para diferentes tipos de bosques de palo santo. Se trabajó sobre datos de 482 parcelas con presencia de la especie, provenientes de inventarios forestales en bosques nativos en tenencias de comunidades aborígenes, campesinas y planes de manejo cubriendo parte de las provincias de Salta, Formosa y Chaco. Con los datos de la parcela se aplicó el método del diagrama h (altura total de los árboles) – M (valor acumulativo medio de las alturas) para describir la estructura vertical. Los modelos ajustados fueron satisfactorios para el conjunto de datos en general y también para todos los grupos. Respecto a la estructura vertical, palo santo está presente en todos los estratos para los grupos palosantal, y de alta presencia de palo santo, mientras que, en el grupo bosques con baja presencia de palo santo se evidenció una falta de ejemplares en los estratos bajos e intermedios.EEA Saenz PeñaFil: Kees, Sebastian Miguel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Sáenz Peña. Campo Anexo Estación Forestal Plaza. Chaco; Argentina.Fil: Loto, Dante. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero; Argentina.Fil: Loto, Dante. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina.Fil: Azcona, Maximiliano. Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable de la Nación. Dirección Nacional de Bosques. Autoridad Científica CITES en especies forestales; Argentina.Fil: De Tellería, Santiago. Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable de la Nación. Dirección Nacional de Bosques. Autoridad Científica CITES en especies forestales; Argentina.Fil: Manghi, Eduardo. Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable de Nación. Dirección de Bosques. Secretaría de Política Ambiental en Recursos Naturales; Argentina.Fil: Gaitan, Juan José. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de investigación de Suelos; Argentina.Fil: Chifarelli, Vanina. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales; Argentina.Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santa Cruz; Argentina.Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral; Argentina.Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Tracking data highlight the importance of human-induced mortality for large migratory birds at a flyway scale

Human-induced direct mortality affects huge numbers of birds each year, threatening hundreds of species worldwide. Tracking technologies can be an important tool to investigate temporal and spatial patterns of bird mortality as well as their drivers. We compiled 1704 mortality records from tracking studies across the African-Eurasian flyway for 45 species, including raptors, storks, and cranes, covering the period from 2003 to 2021. Our results show a higher frequency of human-induced causes of mortality than natural causes across taxonomic groups, geographical areas, and age classes. Moreover, we found that the frequency of human-induced mortality remained stable over the study period. From the human-induced mortality events with a known cause (n = 637), three main causes were identified: electrocution (40.5 %), illegal killing (21.7 %), and poisoning (16.3 %). Additionally, combined energy infrastructure-related mortality (i.e., electrocution, power line collision, and wind-farm collision) represented 49 % of all human-induced mortality events. Using a random forest model, the main predictors of human-induced mortality were found to be taxonomic group, geographic location (latitude and longitude), and human footprint index value at the location of mortality. Despite conservation efforts, human drivers of bird mortality in the African-Eurasian flyway do not appear to have declined over the last 15 years for the studied group of species. Results suggest that stronger conservation actions to address these threats across the flyway can reduce their impacts on species. In particular, projected future development of energy infrastructure is a representative example where application of planning, operation, and mitigation measures can enhance bird conservation

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Dietary α‐Linolenic Acid, Marine ω‐3 Fatty Acids, and Mortality in a Population With High Fish Consumption: Findings From the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) Study

Background: Epidemiological evidence suggests a cardioprotective role of α‐linolenic acid (ALA), a plant‐derived ω‐3 fatty acid. It is unclear whether ALA is beneficial in a background of high marine ω‐3 fatty acids (long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) intake. In persons at high cardiovascular risk from Spain, a country in which fish consumption is customarily high, we investigated whether meeting the International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids recommendation for dietary ALA (0.7% of total energy) at baseline was related to all‐cause and cardiovascular disease mortality. We also examined the effect of meeting the society's recommendation for long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (≥500 mg/day). Methods and Results: We longitudinally evaluated 7202 participants in the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) trial. Multivariable‐adjusted Cox regression models were fitted to estimate hazard ratios. ALA intake correlated to walnut consumption (r=0.94). During a 5.9‐y follow‐up, 431 deaths occurred (104 cardiovascular disease, 55 coronary heart disease, 32 sudden cardiac death, 25 stroke). The hazard ratios for meeting ALA recommendation (n=1615, 22.4%) were 0.72 (95% CI 0.56–0.92) for all‐cause mortality and 0.95 (95% CI 0.58–1.57) for fatal cardiovascular disease. The hazard ratios for meeting the recommendation for long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n=5452, 75.7%) were 0.84 (95% CI 0.67–1.05) for all‐cause mortality, 0.61 (95% CI 0.39–0.96) for fatal cardiovascular disease, 0.54 (95% CI 0.29–0.99) for fatal coronary heart disease, and 0.49 (95% CI 0.22–1.01) for sudden cardiac death. The highest reduction in all‐cause mortality occurred in participants meeting both recommendations (hazard ratio 0.63 [95% CI 0.45–0.87]). Conclusions: In participants without prior cardiovascular disease and high fish consumption, dietary ALA, supplied mainly by walnuts and olive oil, relates inversely to all‐cause mortality, whereas protection from cardiac mortality is limited to fish‐derived long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Clinical Trial Registration URL: http://www.Controlled-trials.com/. Unique identifier: ISRCTN35739639

Data supplement 2

Data of body dimensions and feather traits of 52 blackcaps Sylvia atricapilla wintering in the Campo de Gibraltar area, Southern Spain

Data supplement 1

Morphological data of 111 blackcaps Sylvia atricapilla from three Iberian localities

Linking species distribution and territorial planning to the management of the endangered Gonopterodendron sarmientoi in native forests of the Chaco region, Argentina

For management and conservation strategies in the long term is necessary to know the species distribution and main biophysical aspects that determine the structure and dynamics of the forest. The aim of this work was to determine the potential and current spatial distribution of Gonopterodendron sarmientoi, an emblematic and endangered tree species of the Dry Chaco. A further aim was to superimpose the distribution of G. sarmientoi, with the zonation in the current Territorial Planning of Native Forests (OTBN, its acronym in Spanish) to provide basic information for conservation and management of the species. For this, a Maxent model was developed to quantify the relationship between G. sarmientoi occurrence and key environmental variables (including water, topography, and climate as a variables). G. sarmientoi’s habitat was mainly influenced by precipitation variables, and secondarily by temperature variables. Considering the OTBN defined by the local forest authority, of the current area of G. sarmientoi (2,477,009 ha), the majority (57.9%) corresponded to the yellow category (forest areas with medium conservation value) and only 10.6% to the red category (high conservation value). It is important to note that around 600,686 ha (24.3%) of native forest with G. sarmientoi is in the green category (low conservation value) subject to change in land use, and 178,107 ha was uncategorized forest (7.2%). For effective management and conservation strategies, the current habitat distribution map of G. sarmientoi provides decisionmakers an opportunity to review and adjust the native forests zoning at a provincial scale within the framework of the OTBN, mainly the green category (legal deforestation) with the occurrence of the endangered G. sarmientoi.EEA Santa CruzFil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santa Cruz; Argentina.Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral; Argentina.Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina.Fil: Gaitan, Juan José. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Suelos; Argentina.Fil: Loto, Dante. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Instituto de Silvicultura y Manejo de Bosques; Argentina.Fil: Loto, Dante. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina.Fil: Kees, Sebastian Miguel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Sáenz Peña. Campo Anexo Estación Forestal Plaza; Argentina.Fil: Azcona, Maximiliano. Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable de la Nación (DNB, MAyDS). Dirección Nacional de Bosques. Autoridad Científica CITES en especies forestales; Argentina.Fil: De Tellería, Santiago. Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable de la Nación (DNB, MAyDS). Dirección Nacional de Bosques. Autoridad Científica CITES en especies forestales; Argentina.Fil: Teich, Ingrid. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales; Argentina.Fil: Teich, Ingrid. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina.Fil: Manghi, Eduardo. Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable de Nación (MAyDS). Dirección de Bosques. Secretaría de Política Ambiental en Recursos Naturales Buenos Aires; Argentina.Fil: Camps, Gonzalo Andrés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV). Córdoba, Argentina

Tracking data highlight the importance of human-induced mortality for large migratory birds at a flyway scale

Human-induced direct mortality affects huge numbers of birds each year, threatening hundreds of species worldwide. Tracking technologies can be an important tool to investigate temporal and spatial patterns of bird mortality as well as their drivers. We compiled 1704 mortality records from tracking studies across the African-Eurasian flyway for 45 species, including raptors, storks, and cranes, covering the period from 2003 to 2021. Our results show a higher frequency of human-induced causes of mortality than natural causes across taxonomic groups, geographical areas, and age classes. Moreover, we found that the frequency of human-induced mortality remained stable over the study period. From the human-induced mortality events with a known cause (n = 637), three main causes were identified: electrocution (40.5 %), illegal killing (21.7 %), and poisoning (16.3 %). Additionally, combined energy infrastructure-related mortality (i.e., electrocution, power line collision, and wind-farm collision) represented 49 % of all human-induced mortality events. Using a random forest model, the main predictors of human-induced mortality were found to be taxonomic group, geographic location (latitude and longitude), and human footprint index value at the location of mortality. Despite conservation efforts, human drivers of bird mortality in the African-Eurasian flyway do not appear to have declined over the last 15 years for the studied group of species. Results suggest that stronger conservation actions to address these threats across the flyway can reduce their impacts on species. In particular, projected future development of energy infrastructure is a representative example where application of planning, operation, and mitigation measures can enhance bird conservation.publishedVersio

Attainable yield and soil texture as drivers of maize response to nitrogen: a synthesis analysis for Argentina

The most widely used approach for prescribing fertilizer nitrogen (N) recommendations in maize (Zea Mays L.) in Argentina is based on the relationship between grain yield and the available N (kg N ha−1), calculated as the sum of pre-plant soil NO3--N at 0−60 cm depth (PPNT) plus fertilizer N (Nf). However, combining covariates related to crop N demand and soil N supply at a large national scale remains unexplored for this model. The aim of this work was to identify yield response patterns associated to yield environment (crop N demand driver) and soil texture (soil N supply driver). A database of 788 experiments (1980−2016) was gathered and analyzed combining quadratic-plateau regression models with bootstrapping to address expected values and variability on response parameters and derived quantities. The database was divided into three groups according to soil texture (fine, medium and coarse) and five groups based on the empirical distribution of maximum observed yields (from Very-Low = 13.1 Mg ha−1) resulting in fifteen groups. The best model included both, attainable yield environment and soil texture. The yield environment mainly modified the agronomic optimum available N (AONav), with an expected increase rate of ca. 21.4 kg N Mg attainable yield−1, regardless of the soil texture. In Very-Low yield environments, AONav was characterized by a high level of uncertainty, related to a poor fit of the N response model. To a lesser extent, soil texture modified the response curvature but not the AONav, mainly by modifying the response rate to N (Fine > Medium > Coarse), and the N use efficiencies. Considering hypothetical PPNT levels from 40 to 120 kg N ha−1, the expected agronomic efficiency (AENf) at the AONav varied from 7 to 31, and 9–29 kg yield response kg fertilizer N (Nf)−1, for Low and Very-High yield environments, respectively. Similarly, the expected partial factor productivity (PFPNf) at the AONav ranged from 62 to 158, and 55–99 kg yield kg Nf−1, for the same yield environments. These results highlight the importance of combining attainable yield environment and soil texture metadata for refining N fertilizer recommendations. Acknowledging the still low N fertilizer use in Argentina, space exists to safely increasing N fertilizer rates, steering the historical soil N mining profile to a more sustainable agro-environmental scenario in the Pampas.Fil: Correndo, Adrián A.. Kansas State University; Estados UnidosFil: Gutiérrez Boem, Flavio Hernán. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; ArgentinaFil: García, Fernando O.. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Alvarez, Carolina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Álvarez, Cristian. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Angeli, Ariel. I+D CREA; ArgentinaFil: Barbieri, Pablo Andres. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Barraco, Mirian Raquel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Berardo, Angel. Laboratorio de Suelo S.a.; ArgentinaFil: Boxler, Miguel. Private Consultant; ArgentinaFil: Calviño, Pablo Antonio. Private Consultant; ArgentinaFil: Capurro, Julia E.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Carta, Héctor. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Caviglia, Octavio Pedro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; ArgentinaFil: Ciampitti, Ignacio Antonio. Kansas State University; Estados UnidosFil: Diaz Zorita, Martin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Agronomía; ArgentinaFil: Díaz Valdéz, Santiago. Bayer Crop Science; ArgentinaFil: Echeverría, Hernán E.. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Espósito, Gabriel Pablo. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria; ArgentinaFil: Ferrari, Manuel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Ferraris, Gustavo Nestor. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Gambaudo, Sebastian Pedro. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Private Consultant; ArgentinaFil: Gudelj, Vicente. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Ioele, Juan P.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Melchiori, Ricardo J. M.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Molino, Josefina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Orcellet, Juan Manuel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Pagani, Agustin. Clarion Inc.; ArgentinaFil: Pautasso, Juan Manuel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Reussi Calvo, Nahuel Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Laboratorio de Suelo S.a.; ArgentinaFil: Redel, Matías. Private Consultant; ArgentinaFil: Rillo, Sergio. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Rimski-korsakov, Helena. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; ArgentinaFil: Sainz Rozas, Hernan Rene. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Saks, Matías. Bunge Argentina S.A; ArgentinaFil: Tellería, María Guadalupe. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Ventimiglia, Luis. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Zorzín, Jose L.. Private Consultant; ArgentinaFil: Zubillaga de Sanahuja, María de Las Mercedes. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; ArgentinaFil: Salvagiotti, Fernando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Oliveros; Argentin