Exploring Klebsiella pneumoniae in Healthy Poultry Reveals High Genetic Diversity, Good Biofilm-Forming Abilities and Higher Prevalence in Turkeys Than Broilers

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a well-studied human pathogen for which antimicrobial resistant and hypervirulent clones have emerged globally. K. pneumoniae is also present in a variety of environmental niches, but currently there is a lack of knowledge on the occurrence and characteristics of K. pneumoniae from non-human sources. Certain environmental niches, e.g., animals, may be associated with high K. pneumoniae abundance, and these can constitute a reservoir for further transmission of strains and genetic elements. The aim of this study was to explore and characterize K. pneumoniae from healthy broilers and turkeys. A total of 511 cecal samples (broiler n = 356, turkey n = 155), included in the Norwegian monitoring program for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the veterinary sector (NORM-VET) in 2018, were screened for K. pneumoniae by culturing on SCAI agar. K. pneumoniae was detected in 207 (40.5%) samples. Among the broiler samples, 25.8% were positive for K. pneumoniae, in contrast to turkey with 74.2% positive samples (p < 0.01). Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed, in addition to investigating biofilm production. Whole genome sequencing was performed on 203 K. pneumoniae isolates, and analysis was performed utilizing comparative genomics tools. The genomes grouped into 66 sequence types (STs), with ST35, ST4710 and ST37 being the most prevalent at 13.8%, 7.4%, and 5.4%, respectively. The overall AMR occurrence was low, with only 11.3% of the isolates showing both pheno- and genotypic resistance. Genes encoding aerobactin, salmochelin or yersiniabactin were detected in 47 (23.2%) genomes. Fifteen hypervirulent genomes belonging to ST4710 and isolated from turkey were identified. These all encoded the siderophore virulence loci iuc5 and iro5 on an IncF plasmid. Isolates from both poultry species displayed good biofilm-forming abilities with an average of OD595 0.69 and 0.64. To conclude, the occurrence of K. pneumoniae in turkey was significantly higher than in broiler, indicating that turkey might be an important zoonotic reservoir for K. pneumoniae compared to broilers. Furthermore, our results show a highly diverse K. pneumoniae population in poultry, low levels of antimicrobial resistance, good biofilm-forming abilities and a novel hypervirulent ST4710 clone circulating in the turkey population

Over 2000-Fold Increased Production of the Leaderless Bacteriocin Garvicin KS by Increasing Gene Dose and Optimization of Culture Conditions

The leaderless bacteriocin Garvicin KS (GarKS) is a potent antimicrobial, being active against a wide range of important pathogens. GarKS production by the native producer Lactococcus garvieae KS1546 is, however, relatively low (80 BU/ml) under standard laboratory growth conditions (batch culture in GM17 at 30°C). To improve the production, we systematically evaluated the impact of different media and media components on bacteriocin production. Based on the outcomes, a new medium formulation was made that increased GarKS production about 60-fold compared to that achieved in GM17. The new medium was composed of pasteurized milk and tryptone (PM-T). GarKS production was increased further 4-fold (i.e., to 20,000 BU/ml) by increasing the gene dose of the bacteriocin gene cluster (gak) in the native producer. Finally, a combination of the newly composed medium (PM-T), an increased gene dose and cultivation at a constant pH 6 and a 50–60% dissolved oxygen level in growth medium, gave rise to a GarKS production of 164,000 BU/ml. This high production, which is about 2000-fold higher compared to that initially achieved in GM17, corresponds to a GarKS production of 1.2 g/L. To our knowledge, this is one of the highest bacteriocin production reported hitherto

soxRS induces colistin hetero-resistance in Enterobacter asburiae and Enterobacter cloacae by regulating the acrAB-tolC efflux pump

International audienceBackground: Colistin is the last drug option for the treatment of MDR Gram-negative bacterial infections. Several types of resistance to colistin have been identified, including hetero-resistance, which has been observed in several Gram-negative pathogens. During a routine surveillance project on antimicrobial resistance, we found abnormal colistin-resistant Enterobacter asburiae and Enterobacter cloacae isolates. E.cloacae is an intestinal commensal bacterium and a well-known opportunistic nosocomial pathogen. Objectives: To characterize the molecular mechanism of colistin hetero-resistance in Enterobacter spp. Methods: Several approaches (WGS, transposome mutagenesis and RT-PCR analysis) were used to discover the molecular mechanism of colistin hetero-resistance. Results: Genomic analysis of mutant clones generated by transposome mutagenesis suggests that hetero-resistance is linked with overexpression of the acrAB-tolC efflux pump. Transcriptional analysis further found that naturally elevated soxRS triggers the induction of the acrAB-tolC efflux pump proteins followed by the development of colistin hetero-resistance in E. asburiae and E. cloacae. Transcriptional analysis results were further verified as demonstrating the development of hetero-resistance in colistin-susceptible strains by plasmid-based overexpression of soxRS. Conclusions: Our observations highlight the importance of such findings, which previously were only superficially described because of the challenges associated with their detection, in the context of common modes of colistin resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. This study constitutes a unique demonstration of efflux-based high-level colistin hetero-resistance, controlled by a soxRS regulator in Gram-negative bacteria

Plasmid-associated antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in Escherichia coli in a high arctic reindeer subspecies

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Engineering of Family-5 Glycoside Hydrolase (Cel5A) from an Uncultured Bacterium for Efficient Hydrolysis of Cellulosic Substrates

<div><p>Cel5A, an endoglucanase, was derived from the metagenomic library of vermicompost. The deduced amino acid sequence of Cel5A shows high sequence homology with family-5 glycoside hydrolases, which contain a single catalytic domain but no distinct cellulose-binding domain. Random mutagenesis and cellulose-binding module (CBM) fusion approaches were successfully applied to obtain properties required for cellulose hydrolysis. After two rounds of error-prone PCR and screening of 3,000 mutants, amino acid substitutions were identified at various positions in thermotolerant mutants. The most heat-tolerant mutant, Cel5A_2R2, showed a 7-fold increase in thermostability. To enhance the affinity and hydrolytic activity of Cel5A on cellulose substrates, the family-6 CBM from <i>Saccharophagus degradans</i> was fused to the <i>C</i>-terminus of the Cel5A_2R2 mutant using overlap PCR. The Cel5A_2R2-CBM6 fusion protein showed 7-fold higher activity than the native Cel5A on Avicel and filter paper. Cellobiose was a major product obtained from the hydrolysis of cellulosic substrates by the fusion enzyme, which was identified by using thin layer chromatography analysis.</p></div

TLC analysis of hydrolysis products of cellotriose, cellotetraose, cellopentaose, cellohexaose, CMC, PASC, filter paper, Avicel, and <i>p</i>-NPC.

<p>A: Hydrolysis (1 h) products of cellotriose and cellotetraose, B: Hydrolysis (1 h) products of cellopentaose and cellohexaose, C: Hydrolysis (5 h) products of CMC and PASC, D: Hydrolysis (16 h) products of filter paper and Avicel, and E: Hydrolysis (1 h) product of <i>p</i>-NPC. M: Standard marker, where G1 to G6 represent glucose, cellobiose, cellotriose, cellotetraose, cellopentasoe, and cellohexaose. Cello-oligosaccharides, CMC, PASC, and <i>p</i>-NPC were treated with 0.1 nmol of Cel5A_2R2-CBM6 at 55°C. The same reaction was performed using Avicel and filter paper with 1.0 nmol of Cel5A_2R2-CBM6. Reactions were performed in the absence (−) and presence (+) of the enzyme.</p

Optimum temperature and pH for Cel5A_2R2 and Cel5A_2R2-CBM6 fusion protein.

<p>Symbols are as follows: Cel5A_2R2 (Open circles) and Cel5A_2R2-CBM6 (Closed circles). The error bars represent the standard deviation of triplicate measurements.</p

Synergistic interaction of cellobiohydrolase (CbhA) from <i>C. thermocellum</i> with Cel5A_2R2 parent protein and Cel5A_2R2-CBM6 fusion protein.

<p>The error bars represent the standard deviation of triplicate measurements.</p