Apropriação do raciocínio combinatório nos movimentos de peças de um jogo e na construção de diagramas de árvore

Este trabalho objetiva tornar conhecida a proposta de ensino-aprendizagem acerca de conteúdos básicos de combinatória por meio de um jogo de tabuleiro ‘Grelha quadrada 3 x 3`. A proposta deste jogo está em consonância com indicações presentes na BNCC – Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BRASIL, 2018) para o ensino e aprendizagem de Matemática nos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental, e visa fomentar a apropriação, o exercício e o desenvolvimento do raciocínio combinatório enquanto as possibilidades de tomadas de decisão relativas à movimentação de tampinhas de garrafa pet sobre o tabuleiro de um jogo são avaliadas, enquanto um diagrama de árvore mostrando essas possibilidades vai sendo construído em paralelo. O desenrolar das análises de possibilidades de jogadas deu-se logo após o início de uma partida (antes da primeira movimentação) e a partir de um dado momento de jogo até que a partida chegasse ou não ao seu final. Em prosseguimento, após o consequente reconhecimento das regras do jogo, foram propostos problemas de combinatória aos jogadores, conforme preconiza a teoria de Resolução de Problemas, (ONUCHIC, 1999). Trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica que culminou com a proposição do jogo, segundo o qual se objetivou dimensionar a importância e a contribuição que a proposição e criação de um jogo didático representam para a melhoria do processo de ensino aprendizagem de combinatória com estudantes dos anos iniciais, em particular arvores de possibilidades, bem como disponibilizar material didático para uso de professores

A busca por uma ou mais estratégias ganhadoras em um jogo combinatório de tabuleiro

This work aims to make known the teaching-learning proposal about objects of basic knowledge of Combinatorics through a combinatorial game of strategy, on a board named Grid Quadrada 3 x 3, in line with the indications present in the Common National Curricular Base (BNCC) for students from the 5th Elementary School Year. The proposal aims to encourage the appropriation, exercise and development of combinatorial reasoning in decision-making regarding the movement of pet bottle caps on the board according to established rules, in order to construct a tree diagram that shows all the possibilities for the development of a match, from the initial movement, in order to evaluate the existence or not of one or more winning strategies, for each player. This is a bibliographical research that culminated in the proposal of the game, according to which the objective is to measure the importance and what contribution such a game represents for the improvement of teaching and learning of Combinatorics and to provide didactic material for use by teachers.Este trabalho objetiva tornar conhecida proposta ensino-aprendizagem acerca objetos de conhecimentos básicos de Combinatória por meio jogo combinatório de estratégia, em tabuleiro nomeado Grelha Quadrada 3 x 3, em consonância com indicações presentes Base Nacional Curricular Comum (BNCC) para estudantes a partir do 5º Ano Ensino Fundamental. A proposta visa fomentar a apropriação, exercício e desenvolvimento do raciocínio combinatório nas tomadas de decisão relativas à movimentação tampinhas garrafa pet sobre o tabuleiro consoante regras estabelecidas, de modo construir um diagrama de árvore que mostre todas as possibilidades do desenrolar de uma partida, desde o movimento inicial, de modo a avaliar a existência ou não uma ou mais estratégias ganhadoras, para cada jogador. Trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica que culminou com a proposta do jogo, segunda a qual objetiva-se dimensionar qual importância e qual contribuição tal jogo representa para a melhoria do ensino-aprendizagem de Combinatória e disponibilizar material didático para uso dos professores

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt

Educação financeira na escola: possibilidades em uma atividade intencional

Este artigo objetiva discutir a relevância do ensino de educação financeira na escola, e os elementos necessários para compor uma atividade que privilegie o raciocínio financeiro. Discute-se o lugar de destaque que a memorização e técnicas têm ocupado no ensino e na aprendizagem de matemática nos anos finais do ensino fundamental, em detrimento às ações de refletir, questionar e pensar. Abordamos a relevância desse raciocínio na resolução de questões financeiras, e lançamos luz em discussões sobre a importância do processo de elaboração de atividades que estimulem e potencializem o exercício desse raciocínio. Este artigo toma por base pressupostos da metodologia pesquisa qualitativa. As conclusões indicam os elementos considerados necessários para estarem presentes em uma atividade; salientam a importância de o professor explorar o ensino de educação financeira na escola por meio da elaboração de atividades intencionais, em situações integradoras próximas do cotidiano dos alunos; dá ênfase no aspecto transdisciplinar, e o uso de tecnologias em um universo intradisciplinar

Cost-efective lab-on-a-chip device for seawater pH quantification by optical methods

This paper presents a novel lab-on-a-chip (LOC) device for seawater pH quantification based on spectrophotometric methods. The device integrates optical, electronics and microfluidic systems, providing an autonomous, compact and portable platform for in-situ, long-term and low-cost seawater pH measurements. The developed system was validated in laboratory with measurement of various seawater samples, of different pH, within the seawater pH interval (7.50-8.30). The response of the LOC shows a high reproducibility and stability with a resolution of 0.01 pH units. Thus, the device has a high potential to be use in moored oceanic applications.This publication/presentation was financed by FCT with the reference project UID/EEA/04436/2013, by FEDER funds through the COMPETE2020– Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização (POCI) with the reference project POCI-01- 0145-FEDER- 006941 and the work was funded by Programa Operacional Regional do Norte (NORTE2020), through Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER), Project NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000032 – NextSea

Neotropical freshwater fisheries : A dataset of occurrence and abundance of freshwater fishes in the Neotropics

The Neotropical region hosts 4225 freshwater fish species, ranking first among the world's most diverse regions for freshwater fishes. Our NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set is the first to produce a large-scale Neotropical freshwater fish inventory, covering the entire Neotropical region from Mexico and the Caribbean in the north to the southern limits in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. We compiled 185,787 distribution records, with unique georeferenced coordinates, for the 4225 species, represented by occurrence and abundance data. The number of species for the most numerous orders are as follows: Characiformes (1289), Siluriformes (1384), Cichliformes (354), Cyprinodontiformes (245), and Gymnotiformes (135). The most recorded species was the characid Astyanax fasciatus (4696 records). We registered 116,802 distribution records for native species, compared to 1802 distribution records for nonnative species. The main aim of the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set was to make these occurrence and abundance data accessible for international researchers to develop ecological and macroecological studies, from local to regional scales, with focal fish species, families, or orders. We anticipate that the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set will be valuable for studies on a wide range of ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, fishery pressure, the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation, and the impacts of species invasion and climate change. There are no copyright restrictions on the data, and please cite this data paper when using the data in publications