2007-2010), the Mid-Atlantic Bight (MAB; 2009-2010) and the South Atlantic Bight (SAB; 2010-2011)

a b s t r a c t Large pelagic predators were used as biological samplers to gain information on cephalopod diversity, abundance, distribution, and their role as prey in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. Fish predators were caught by recreational anglers in offshore waters of New Englan

How does climate change affect emergent properties of aquatic ecosystems?

Emergent properties of ecosystems are community attributes, such as structure and function, that arise from connections and interactions (e.g., predator–prey, competition) among populations, species, or assemblages that, when viewed together, provide a holistic representation that is more than the sum of its individual parts. Climate change is altering emergent properties of aquatic ecosystems through component responses, a combination of shifts in species range, phenology, distribution, and productivity, which lead to novel ecosystems that have no historical analog. The reshuffling, restructuring, and rewiring of aquatic ecosystems due to climate impacts are of high concern for natural resource management and conservation as these changes can lead to species extinctions and reductions in ecosystem services. Overall, we found that substantial progress has been made to advance our understanding of how climate change is affecting emergent properties of aquatic ecosystems. However, responses are incredibly complex, and high uncertainty remains for how systems will reorganize and function over the coming decades. This cross-system perspective summarizes the state of knowledge of climate-driven emergent properties in aquatic habitats with case studies that highlight mechanisms of change, observed or anticipated outcomes, as well as insights into confounding non-climate effects, research tools, and management approaches to advance the field

Capture severity, infectious disease processes and sex influence post-release mortality of sockeye salmon bycatch

Bycatch is a common occurrence in heavily fished areas such as the Fraser River, British Columbia, where fisheries target returning adult Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) en route to spawning grounds. The extent to which these encounters reduce fish survival through injury and physiological impairment depends on multiple factors including capture severity, river temperature and infectious agents. In an effort to characterize the mechanisms of post-release mortality and address fishery and managerial concerns regarding specific regulations, wild-caught Early Stuart sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) were exposed to either mild (20 s) or severe (20 min) gillnet entanglement and then held at ecologically relevant temperatures throughout their period of river migration (mid-late July) and spawning (early August). Individuals were biopsy sampled immediately after entanglement and at death to measure indicators of stress and immunity, and the infection intensity of 44 potential pathogens. Biopsy alone increased mortality (males: 33%, females: 60%) when compared with nonbiopsied controls (males: 7%, females: 15%), indicating high sensitivity to any handling during river migration, especially among females. Mortality did not occur until 5-10 days after entanglement, with severe entanglement resulting in the greatest mortality (males: 62%, females: 90%), followed by mild entanglement (males: 44%, females: 70%). Infection intensities of Flavobacterium psychrophilum and Ceratonova shasta measured at death were greater in fish that died sooner. Physiological indicators of host stress and immunity also differed depending on longevity, and indicated anaerobic metabolism, osmoregulatory failure and altered immune gene regulation in premature mortalities. Together, these results implicate latent effects of entanglement, especially among females, resulting in mortality days or weeks after release. Although any entanglement is potentially detrimental, reducing entanglement durations can improve post-release survival

A global perspective on the trophic geography of sharks

Sharks are a diverse group of mobile predators that forage across varied spatial scales and have the potential to influence food web dynamics. The ecological consequences of recent declines in shark biomass may extend across broader geographic ranges if shark taxa display common behavioural traits. By tracking the original site of photosynthetic fixation of carbon atoms that were ultimately assimilated into muscle tissues of 5,394 sharks from 114 species, we identify globally consistent biogeographic traits in trophic interactions between sharks found in different habitats. We show that populations of shelf-dwelling sharks derive a substantial proportion of their carbon from regional pelagic sources, but contain individuals that forage within additional isotopically diverse local food webs, such as those supported by terrestrial plant sources, benthic production and macrophytes. In contrast, oceanic sharks seem to use carbon derived from between 30° and 50° of latitude. Global-scale compilations of stable isotope data combined with biogeochemical modelling generate hypotheses regarding animal behaviours that can be tested with other methodological approaches.This research was conducted as part of C.S.B.’s Ph.D dissertation, which was funded by the University of Southampton and NERC (NE/L50161X/1), and through a NERC Grant-in-Kind from the Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry Facility (LSMSF; EK267-03/16). We thank A. Bates, D. Sims, F. Neat, R. McGill and J. Newton for their analytical contributions and comments on the manuscripts.Peer reviewe

2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales.

Correction to: 2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales. Archives of Virology (2021) 166:3567–3579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-021-05266-wIn March 2021, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by four families (Aliusviridae, Crepuscuviridae, Myriaviridae, and Natareviridae), three subfamilies (Alpharhabdovirinae, Betarhabdovirinae, and Gammarhabdovirinae), 42 genera, and 200 species. Thirty-nine species were renamed and/or moved and seven species were abolished. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV.This work was supported in part through Laulima Government Solutions, LLC prime contract with the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C. J.H.K. performed this work as an employee of Tunnell Government Services (TGS), a subcontractor of Laulima Government Solutions, LLC under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C. This work was also supported in part with federal funds from the National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), under Contract No. 75N91019D00024, Task Order No. 75N91019F00130 to I.C., who was supported by the Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Lab for Cancer Research. This work was also funded in part by Contract No. HSHQDC-15-C-00064 awarded by DHS S&T for the management and operation of The National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, a federally funded research and development center operated by the Battelle National Biodefense Institute (V.W.); and NIH contract HHSN272201000040I/HHSN27200004/D04 and grant R24AI120942 (N.V., R.B.T.). S.S. acknowledges partial support from the Special Research Initiative of Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station (MAFES), Mississippi State University, and the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, US Department of Agriculture, Hatch Project 1021494. Part of this work was supported by the Francis Crick Institute which receives its core funding from Cancer Research UK (FC001030), the UK Medical Research Council (FC001030), and the Wellcome Trust (FC001030).S

2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales.

In March 2021, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by four families (Aliusviridae, Crepuscuviridae, Myriaviridae, and Natareviridae), three subfamilies (Alpharhabdovirinae, Betarhabdovirinae, and Gammarhabdovirinae), 42 genera, and 200 species. Thirty-nine species were renamed and/or moved and seven species were abolished. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV

Comparative Analysis of the Spatial Organization of Neurons in Hominoids, With a Focus on the Prefrontal Cortex

Comparative analyses of the spatial organization of neurons, including their configuration as minicolumns, can increase our understanding of the functionally relevant aspects of microcircuitry. The bulk of this dissertation is comprised of two histological studies of the spatial organization of neurons in humans and apes. The third component is a literature review of prefrontal cortex development and comparative studies of the region in extant hominoids. Horizontal spacing distance (HSD) and gray level ratio (GLR) were measured in layer III of four regions of cortex in all extant hominoid species : frontal pole (Brodmann area 10), and primary motor (BA 4), primary somatosensory (BA 3), and primary visual cortex (BA 17). A uniquely human pattern in BA 10 was identified, in comparison bothwith BA 10 in the apes and with the other three regions examined. To identify when in development this human specialization emerges, I then measured the spatial organization of neurons in chimpanzees and humans ranging in age from birth to eleven years, using the same methodology. My findings support the pattern of later maturation of prefrontal cortex in humans, and further suggest that prolonged prefrontal development also characterizes chimpanzees. However, as my previous work suggested that adult humans have significantly greater spacing in the frontal pole than apes, this implies that HSD continues to increase in humans after puberty, but not in chimpanzees. As discussed in the literature review in Chapter 1, the prefrontal cortex forms a large part of a neural system crucial for normal social and executive functioning in humans and other primates. The region matures later in development than more caudal areas, and some of its subdivisions exhibit more complex dendritic arborizations, which is further supported by the two histological studies in the dissertation. As a whole, this dissertation argues that human brain evolution after the split from African apes was characterized by an increase in the number and width of minicolumns and the space available for interconnectivity between neurons in the prefrontal cortex, and that specific reorganizational events in neural circuitry may have taken place as a consequence of adjusting to increases in size or as adaptive responses to specific selection pressure

Comparative Analysis of the Spatial Organization of Neurons in Hominoids, With a Focus on the Prefrontal Cortex

Comparative analyses of the spatial organization of neurons, including their configuration as minicolumns, can increase our understanding of the functionally relevant aspects of microcircuitry. The bulk of this dissertation is comprised of two histological studies of the spatial organization of neurons in humans and apes. The third component is a literature review of prefrontal cortex development and comparative studies of the region in extant hominoids. Horizontal spacing distance (HSD) and gray level ratio (GLR) were measured in layer III of four regions of cortex in all extant hominoid species : frontal pole (Brodmann area 10), and primary motor (BA 4), primary somatosensory (BA 3), and primary visual cortex (BA 17). A uniquely human pattern in BA 10 was identified, in comparison bothwith BA 10 in the apes and with the other three regions examined. To identify when in development this human specialization emerges, I then measured the spatial organization of neurons in chimpanzees and humans ranging in age from birth to eleven years, using the same methodology. My findings support the pattern of later maturation of prefrontal cortex in humans, and further suggest that prolonged prefrontal development also characterizes chimpanzees. However, as my previous work suggested that adult humans have significantly greater spacing in the frontal pole than apes, this implies that HSD continues to increase in humans after puberty, but not in chimpanzees. As discussed in the literature review in Chapter 1, the prefrontal cortex forms a large part of a neural system crucial for normal social and executive functioning in humans and other primates. The region matures later in development than more caudal areas, and some of its subdivisions exhibit more complex dendritic arborizations, which is further supported by the two histological studies in the dissertation. As a whole, this dissertation argues that human brain evolution after the split from African apes was characterized by an increase in the number and width of minicolumns and the space available for interconnectivity between neurons in the prefrontal cortex, and that specific reorganizational events in neural circuitry may have taken place as a consequence of adjusting to increases in size or as adaptive responses to specific selection pressure

Řídící jednotka komfortních a bezpečnostních funkcí pro starší vozidla

The Bachelors thesis deals with design, construction, testing and economy consideration about advantage of piece production of comfort and safety control unit for older cars. Control unit is built on Arduino platform and develops some comfort and active safety functions of modern cars