La différenciation sporale chez les microsporidies : imagerie 3D et isolement des stades de développement, analyse de l'expression différentielle de protéines structurales et première identification des glycanes

The microsporidian, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, an intracellular parasite, is an opportunistic pathogen. Three-dimensional reconstructions from serial sections allowed visualization of the different cell stages in sporogenesis. The immunolocalization of cell wall proteins coupled with in situ hybridization of the corresponding mRNAs revealed their differential expression during intracellular development. The study of protein glycosylation has demonstrated the absence of N-glycosylation and the existence of a path of O-mannosylation. Similar to those of fungi, are linear chains with a maximum length of eight mannoses linked alpha1, 2 and mannoproteins are localized in the polar cap. Fucosylated proteins are present in the spore wall. The development of a protocol of separation stages sporogoniques density gradient, offers opportunities for comparative biochemical analysis.La microsporidie, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, parasite intracellulaire, est un pathogène opportuniste. Des reconstructions tridimensionnelles à partir de coupes sériées ont permis de visualiser les différents stades cellulaires au cours de la sporogenèse. L'immunolocalisation de protéines pariétales couplée à l'hybridation in situ des ARNm correspondants ont révélé leur expression différentielle durant le développement intracellulaire. L'étude sur la glycosylation des protéines a permis de démontrer l'absence de N-glycosylation et l'existence d'une voie de O-mannosylation. Semblables à celles des champignons, les chaînes sont linéaires d'une longueur maximale de 8 mannoses liés en alpha1,2 et les mannoprotéines sont localisées dans le capuchon polaire. Des protéines fucosylées sont présentes dans la paroi sporale. La mise au point d'un protocole de séparation des stades sporogoniques en gradient de densité, offre des perspectives d'analyses biochimiques comparative

La différenciation sporale chez les microsporidies (imagerie 3D et isolement des stades de développement, analyse de l'expression différentielle de protéines structurales et première identification des glycanes)

La microsporidie, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, parasite intracellulaire, est un pathogène opportuniste. Des reconstructions tridimensionnelles à partir de coupes sériées ont permis de visualiser les différents stades cellulaires au cours de la sporogenèse. L'immunolocalisation de protéines pariétales couplée à l'hybridation in situ des ARNm correspondants ont révélé leur expression différentielle durant le développement intracellulaire. L'étude sur la glycosylation des protéines a permis de démontrer l'absence de N-glycosylation et l'existence d'une voie de O-mannosylation. Semblables à celles des champignons, les chaînes sont linéaires d'une longueur maximale de 8 mannoses liés en alpha1,2 et les mannoprotéines sont localisées dans le capuchon polaire. Des protéines fucosylées sont présentes dans la paroi sporale. La mise au point d'un protocole de séparation des stades sporogoniques en gradient de densité, offre des perspectives d'analyses biochimiques comparativesCLERMONT FD-BCIU Sci.et Tech. (630142101) / SudocSudocFranceF

An improved procedure for Percoll gradient separation of sporogonial stages in Encephalitozoon cuniculi (Microsporidia).

International audienceIntracellular development of microsporidian parasites comprises a proliferative phase (merogony) followed by a differentiation phase (sporogony) leading to the release of resistant spores. Sporogony implies, successively, meront-to-sporont transformation, sporont division into sporoblasts, and sporogenesis. We report a procedure improving the separation of sporogonial stages of Encephalitozoon cuniculi, a species that develops inside parasitophorous vacuoles of mammalian cells. Supernatants of E. cuniculi-infected Madin-Darby canine kidney cell cultures provided a large number of parasites mixed with host-cell debris. This material was gently homogenized in phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.05% saponin and 0.05% Triton X-100 then filtered through glass wool columns. Centrifugation of the filtrate on 70% Percoll-0.23 M sucrose gradient gave a reproducible pattern of bands at different densities. Transmission electron microscopy showed that three of the four collected fractions were free of visible contaminants. Corresponding prominent cell stages were early sporoblasts (fraction B), late sporoblasts plus immature spores (fraction C), and mature spores (fraction D). Further centrifugation of the lightest fraction (A) on 30% Percoll-0.23 M sucrose gradient generated a sporont-rich fraction (A2). First analysis of proteins from fractions A2 and D by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis suggested a potential use of the described method for proteomic profiling

The PDZ protein GIPC regulates trafficking of the LPA1 receptor from APPL signaling endosomes and attenuates the cell's response to LPA.

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) mediates diverse cellular responses through the activation of at least six LPA receptors--LPA(1-6,) but the interacting proteins and signaling pathways that mediate the specificity of these receptors are largely unknown. We noticed that LPA(1) contains a PDZ binding motif (SVV) identical to that present in two other proteins that interact with the PDZ protein GIPC. GIPC is involved in endocytic trafficking of several receptors including TrkA, VEGFR2, lutropin and dopamine D2 receptors. Here we show that GIPC binds directly to the PDZ binding motif of LPA(1) but not that of other LPA receptors. LPA(1) colocalizes and coimmunoprecipitates with GIPC and its binding partner APPL, an activator of Akt signaling found on APPL signaling endosomes. GIPC depletion by siRNA disturbed trafficking of LPA(1) to EEA1 early endosomes and promoted LPA(1) mediated Akt signaling, cell proliferation, and cell motility. We propose that GIPC binds LPA(1) and promotes its trafficking from APPL-containing signaling endosomes to EEA1 early endosomes and thus attenuates LPA-mediated Akt signaling from APPL endosomes

Cephalopod-inspired optical engineering of human cells.

Although many animals have evolved intrinsic transparency for the purpose of concealment, the development of dynamic, that is, controllable and reversible, transparency for living human cells and tissues has remained elusive to date. Here, by drawing inspiration from the structures and functionalities of adaptive cephalopod skin cells, we design and engineer human cells that contain reconfigurable protein-based photonic architectures and, as a result, possess tunable transparency-changing and light-scattering capabilities. Our findings may lead to the development of unique biophotonic tools for applications in materials science and bioengineering and may also facilitate an improved understanding of a wide range of biological systems

Cephalopod-inspired optical engineering of human cells.

Although many animals have evolved intrinsic transparency for the purpose of concealment, the development of dynamic, that is, controllable and reversible, transparency for living human cells and tissues has remained elusive to date. Here, by drawing inspiration from the structures and functionalities of adaptive cephalopod skin cells, we design and engineer human cells that contain reconfigurable protein-based photonic architectures and, as a result, possess tunable transparency-changing and light-scattering capabilities. Our findings may lead to the development of unique biophotonic tools for applications in materials science and bioengineering and may also facilitate an improved understanding of a wide range of biological systems

Proteolytic activity in Encephalitozoon cuniculi sporogonial stages : Predominance of metallopeptidases including an aminopeptidase-P-like enzyme

International audienceA fraction enriched in spore precursor cells (sporoblasts) of the microsporidian Encephalitozoon cuniculi, an intracellular parasite of mammals, was obtained by Percoll gradient centrifugation. Soluble extracts of these cells exhibited proteolytic activity towards azocasein, with an alkaline optimum pH range (9-10). Prevalence of some metallopeptidases was supported by the stimulating effect of Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+ and Zn2+ ions. and inhibition by two chelating agents (EDTA and 1,10-phenanthroline), a thiol reductant (dithiothreitol) and two aminopeptidase inhibitors (bestatin and apstatin). Zymographic analysis revealed four caseinolytic bands at about 76, 70, 55 and 50 kDa. Mass spectrometry of tryptic peptides from one-dimensional gel slices identified a cytosol (leucine) aminopeptidase homologue (M17 family) in 50-kDa band and an enzyme similar to aminopeptidase P (AP-P) of cytosolic type (M24B subfamily) in 70-kDa band. Multiple sequence alignments showed conservation of critical residues for catalysis and metal binding. A long insertion in a common position was found in AP-P sequences from E. cuniculi and Nosema locustae, an insect-infecting microsporidian. The expression of cytosolic AP-P in sporogonial stages of microsporidia may suggest a key role in the attack of proline-containing peptides as a prerequisite to long-duration biosynthesis of structural proteins destined to the sporal polar tube

Major O-glycans in the spores of two microsporidian parasites are represented by unbranched manno-oligosaccharides containing alpha-1,2 linkages.

International audienceProtein glycosylation in microsporidia, a fungi-related group comprising exclusively obligate intracellular parasitic species, is still poorly documented. Here, we have studied glycoconjugate localization and glycan structures in spores of Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Antonospora locustae, two distantly related microsporidians invading mammalian and insect hosts, respectively. The polar sac-anchoring disc complex or polar cap, an apical element of the sporal invasion apparatus, was strongly periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-Ag proteinate-positive. Mannose-binding lectins reacted with the polar cap and recognized several bands (from 20 to 160 kDa) on blots of E. cuniculi protein extracts. Physicochemical analyses provided the first determination of major glycostructures in microsporidia. O-linked glycans were demonstrated to be linear manno-oligosaccharides containing up to eight alpha1, 2-linked mannose residues, thus resembling those reported in some fungi such as Candida albicans. No N-linked glycans were detected. The data are in accordance with gene-based prediction of a minimal O-mannosylation pathway. Further identification of individual mannoproteins should help in the understanding of spore germination mechanism and host-microsporidia interactions