Exchange of Mirex between Lake Ontario and its Tributaries

The 1974 discovery of mirex in Lake Ontario fish by Kaiser (1974) triggered a period of intensive study on the substance within the lake ecosystem. Two Lake Ontario tributaries were identified as sources of mirex. The Niagara River is the major source of mirex (366 kg) to Lake Ontario, while the Oswego River discharge (224 kg) has been attributed to the Armstrong Cork Company in Volney, NY (Holdrinet et al. 1978). Hooker Chemical and Plastics Corporation manufactured and processed mirex at its Niagara Falls, NY. plant from 1957 - 1976 (Task Force on Mirex [TFM] 1977). Peak discharge to the lake occurred in the 1960\u27s and subsequently declined (Durham and Oliver 1983) as follows; 200 kg/yr from 1960 to 1962, 13.3 kg/yr in 1979 and 8 kg/yr in the period 1979 - 1981 (Warry and Chan 1981, Kuntz and Warry 1983, Halfon 1987). A single discharge (~1961) into the watershed of the Oswego River (Holdrinet et al. 1978) continues to supply mirex to the lake ecosystem (Scrudato and DelPrete 1983). Total mirex loading to Lake Ontario has been estimated at 688 kg (Holdrinet et al. 1978) of which half has been incorporated into the sediments (Pickett and Dossett 1979). Continuing losses from dump sites will augment existing mirex levels in Lake Ontario (Warry and Chan 1981, Scrudato and DelPrete 1982, Kuntz and Warry 1983, Halfon 1987). Mirex bioaccumulates at all trophic levels in aquatic systems (TFM 1977). During the period of intensive monitoring from 1975 to 1981 (TFM 1977, Armstrong and Sloan 1980, Insalaco 1980, Norstrom et &· 1978) revealed detectable levels (usually \u3e 5 ppb) of mirex in fish. The top predators (e.g. salmonines) contained the highest concentrations of mirex which often exceeded the U.S. Food and Drug Administration\u27s action level of 0.1 ppm. This knowledge prompted government agencies on both sides of the U.S.- Canadian border to issue health advisories on eating fish from Lake Ontario. A high correlation between mirex levels and organic content of the sediments exists (Scrudato and DelPrete 1983). Availability of mirex to Lake Ontario biota ranges from 200 - 600 years before the contamination is buried by clean sediments (Halfon 1981, cited in Scrudato and DelPrete 1982). Since mirex is considered one of the most stable compounds ever evaluated (Metcalf et al. 1973), it could recycle within the lake ecosystem for many years via resuspension, uptake and bioaccumulation in the foodweb and sedimentation. Another potential mechanism of recycling, not generally considered, is the spawning migration of mirex laden fish. I report here an estimate of the amount of mirex available for recycling back to the Lake Ontario ecosystem by spawning migrations and on the contamination of resident fish in tributaries

Adat and Islam: An Examination of Conflict in Minangkabau

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“The Clash of Civilization”: A Prognosis of the Future or the Lure of the Past

This article is seen as one response to the Clash of Civilization thesis and wanted to test the accuracy of the analysis of Samuel Huntington back in the context of the uniqueness of Islam in Indonesia.The story begins when Samuel P. Huntington -  the famous political scientist from the highly prestigious Harvard Uinversity and a citizen of the most powerful nation - writes an article, entitled "The Clash of Civilization?" in foreign Affair.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v5i2.75

Dominant Position in the Aviation Industry: Case Analysis of Appointment of Strategic Business Partners (Wholesaler) By PT.Garuda Perspective UU No. 5 of 1999

In 2019, PT. Garuda Indonesia (Persero) Tbk. introduced the Indonesian Jiddah flight route for Umrah services, employing a wholesaler mechanism through the appointment of strategic business partners. This exclusive arrangement limited Umrah ticket reservations to specific partners and raised concerns about PT. Garuda's potential dominance in the market, which could lead to violations of business competition laws. The aim of this research is to analyze PT. Garuda's behavior in appointing these strategic partners and assess its potential for abusing its dominant position. Additionally, it examines the authority of the Business Competition Supervisory Commission (KPPU) in addressing allegations of PT. Garuda's abuse of its dominant position and explores the broader implications of such abuse on market competition. This study employs a normative juridical approach, scrutinizing relevant statutory regulations and adopting both statutory and case approaches to provide insights into the market concentration and its potential impact on competition

Monolingual and Cross-language Information Retrieval Approaches for Malay and English Language Document

This thesis concerns a Malay-English monolingual and cross-language information retrieval system. It presents a pioneer work in the aspects that are important for the development of Malay-English information retrieval system. An improved Malay stemming algorithm has been developed to stem the various word forms into their common root for the purpose of indexing and retrieving of Malay documents. The new stemming approaches have been introduced for Malay language, namely Rules-Frequency-Order (RFO), Minimum-Rules-Frequency-Order (MRFO), Rules- Frequency-Application-Order (RFAO), and Rules-Application-Frequency-Order (RAFO). The performance of the new Malay stemming algorithm and approaches are tested using the first two chapters of the Malay translation of the Quranic documents. The results show that the new stemming algorithm and approaches are superior to the previous stemming algorithm and approach. The retrieval effectiveness of the stemming algorithm and approaches are then tested on the actual Quranic collection using vector space model and latent semantic indexing. The results show that there is an improvement in performance from non-stemmed Malay to stemmed Malay, and also from previous stemming algorithm to the new stemming algorithm. Since the employment of the new stemming algorithm and approaches achieved good performance results in Malay monolingual information retrieval, a Malay-English cross-language information retrieval experiment has been performed. The results again show that there is an improvement in performance from non-stemmed Malay to stemmed Malay, and from previous stemming algorithm to the new stemming algorithm. In addition, the results reveal that the new stemming in Malay has performed better than the English stemming in retrieving relevant document. The results can be a reference to forthcoming similar experiments and research for cross language testing of documents retrieval

Sambutan Ketua Lipi

Serangkaian acara Seminar "Kajian Terhadap Budidaya Cendana untuk Meningkatkan Peranannya sebagai Komoditi Utama Perekonomian Propinsi NTT"

Study Of The Existence Local Parties From The Perspective Of Banda Aceh City Residents

The legitimacy of local political parties in Aceh is the result of a peace agreement between the Free Aceh Movement and the Government of Indonesia. Local political parties provide new hope and alternative for people who previously only voted for national parties. Since participating in the election for the first time, local political parties have obtained the people's mandate to fill legislative and executive powers. But along the way, local political parties experienced a crisis of trust. Parliamentary seat gains declined dramatically over the three election periods. This is the starting point for the study of the existence of local political parties in a limited scope in Banda Aceh City. Through a qualitative approach, the results of this study describe contextual conditions in the perspective of civil society or city residents. The results of the study explain the causality of the lack of seats for local political parties, then residents see that local political parties have not strengthened as a catalyst in influencing policy, and also have not appeared unique and specific to distinguish them from national political parties. In the future, the role of local political parties is expected to be more critical in fighting for local democracy substantially