The differential impact of language skills on the wages of Hispanic men and women

This study will look to expand on the work that has been done in regards to the earnings of Hispanics. When compared to other minority groups, Hispanics traditionally earn less. The average household income for Hispanics is 22% less than the national average household income of {dollar}42,000 a year. This study will examine the effect that the language penalty, which is the estimated difference in wages between English and non-English speakers holding other important factors constant, has on the earnings of Hispanic men and women. The data used in the study is taken from the United States Census Bureau, 2000 Census of Population and Housing, Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) for the state of Nevada. By building upon theories of human capital, investments in education and the general earnings function, the study develops several models which capture the impact that the language penalty has on the wages of Hispanic men and women

La administración del costo de producción en las Pymes industriales en Sonora (México)

La planeación y control como parte del proceso administrativo, permite la toma de decisiones oportunas y un control eficaz en los procesos de producción. El objetivo de este trabajo: Determinar en qué forma influye la administración del costo de producción en las PYMES manufactureras, de Hermosillo, Sonora. En esta investigación se aplicó un cuestionario a 15 PYMES. Los resultados obtenidos fueron: Es necesario optimizar los recursos que intervienen en los procesos productivos como parte del costo de producción, prever una planeación adecuada. Medir y revisar las diferentes alternativas de planeación, financieras, económicas y de toma de decisiones y generar ventajas competitivas

Efectos del entrenamiento de fuerza de larga duración sobre el volumen de las extremidades superiores y el grado de linfedema en supervivientes al cáncer de mama = Effects of long-term strength training on upper extremity volume and degree of lymphedema in breast cancer survivors

195 p.El objetivo general de este trabajo ha sido el de analizar el efecto del entrenamiento de fuerza de larga duración sobre el grado de simetría volumétrica y el linfedema de las extremidades superiores en mujeres supervivientes al cáncer de mama. La conclusión general es que el entrenamiento de larga duración no aumenta la incidencia de linfedema, y el estado clínico de las pacientes que presentan linfedema tiende a mejorar. = The general objective of this work has been to analyze the effect of longǦterm strength training on the degree of volumetric symmetry and lymphedema of the upper extremities in breast cancer survivors. It is concluded that the method of determining perimeters has a high repetitiveness intraobserver, and determines the importance of knowing the change minimally detectable by this method, which is not the same depending on the segment of the limb considered

Developmental and oncogenic effects of Insulin-like Growth Factor-I in Ptc1+/- mouse cerebellum

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Medulloblastoma is amongst the most common malignant brain tumors in childhood, arising from neoplastic transformation of granule neuron precursors (GNPs) of the cerebellum <it>via </it>deregulation of pathways involved in cerebellar development. Deregulation of the Sonic hedgehog/Patched1 (Shh/Ptc1) signaling pathway predisposes humans and mice to medulloblastoma. In the brain, insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) plays a critical role during development as a neurotrophic and neuroprotective factor, and in tumorigenesis, as IGF-I receptor is often activated in medulloblastomas.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>To investigate the mechanisms of genetic interactions between Shh and IGF signaling in the cerebellum, we crossed nestin/IGF-I transgenic (IGF-I Tg) mice, in which transgene expression occurs in neuron precursors, with <it>Ptc1</it>^{<it>+/- </it>}knockout mice, a model of medulloblastoma in which cancer develops in a multistage process. The IGF-I transgene produced a marked brain overgrowth, and significantly accelerated tumor development, increasing the frequency of pre-neoplastic lesions as well as full medulloblastomas in <it>Ptc1</it>^<it>+/-</it>/IGF-I Tg mice. Mechanistically, tumor promotion by IGF-I mainly affected preneoplastic stages through <it>de novo </it>formation of lesions, while not influencing progression rate to full tumors. We also identified a marked increase in survival and proliferation, and a strong suppression of differentiation in neural precursors.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>As a whole, our findings indicate that IGF-I overexpression in neural precursors leads to brain overgrowth and fosters external granular layer (EGL) proliferative lesions through a mechanism favoring proliferation over terminal differentiation, acting as a landscape for tumor growth. Understanding the molecular events responsible for cerebellum development and their alterations in tumorigenesis is critical for the identification of potential therapeutic targets.</p

Violencia y clima escolar: Valoración del programa PNCE en escuelas primarias de Sonora.

The objective is to assess the effect of the implementation of the PNCE on the school climate and the perception of violence in primaries of Sonora state. The t Student test and a logistic regression were performed, the school climate was found to be significantly related to the level of school violence, the PNCE exerts significant results positively when applied.El objetivo es evaluar el efecto de la implementación del PNCE en relación con el clima escolar y la percepción de violencia en primarias de Sonora. Se realizó la prueba t Student y una regresión logística, se encontró que el clima escolar se relaciona significativamente con el nivel de violencia escolar, el PNCE ejerce resultados significativos positivamente al ser aplicado

Adaptação transcultural para o idioma português do Cocaine Craving Questionnaire - Brief

BACKGROUND: The evaluation of craving is very important to treatment of cocaine dependence and the cross-cultural adaptations of scales are needed for increase effectiveness in the evaluation and treatment of them. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to translate, to adapt culturally and verify the semantic equivalence of the Cocaine Craving Questionnaire - Brief (CCQ-Brief), which evaluates the craving for cocaine. METHOD: The CCQ-Brief was translated from English to Portuguese, administered to 10 persons, and then submitted to brainstorming in a group of 4 persons for individual and verbal reproduction, item by item. Backtranslation was executed based on first translation and from brainstorming to the origin language. Soon after, it was translated again into Portuguese. All the process was analyzed by a committee of specialists, which emitted a decision and the pertinent comments. RESULTS: Considering the decision of the specialists and one last Pilot study, was constructed of the final Brazilian version of the CCQ-Brief and the version adapted that scale for crack users. DISCUSSION: Results indicated a satisfactory semantic equivalence between versions and the CCQ-Brief that may be important in the treatment of the cocaine dependents.CONTEXTO: A avaliação do craving (ou fissura) é muito importante no tratamento de dependentes de cocaína, sendo necessárias adaptações transculturais de escalas para aumentar a efetividade na avaliação e no tratamento dessa clientela. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi traduzir, adaptar culturalmente e verificar a equivalência semântica do Cocaine Craving Questionnaire - Brief (CCQ-Brief), o qual avalia o craving (fissura) por cocaína. MÉTODO: O CCQ-Brief foi traduzido do inglês para o português, aplicado em 10 sujeitos e submetido ao brainstorming em um grupo de 4 sujeitos para reprodução individual e verbal, item a item. Realizou-se o backtranslation da primeira tradução e do brainstorming. Logo após, traduziu-se novamente para o português. Todo o processo foi analisado por um comitê de juízes especialistas, os quais emitiram pareceres com as observações pertinentes. RESULTADOS: Considerando-se os pareceres dos especialistas e um último estudo piloto, construiu-se a versão final brasileira do CCQ-Brief e uma versão adaptada dessa escala para usuários de crack. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados indicaram uma equivalência semântica satisfatória entre as versões, podendo o CCQ-Brief ser útil no tratamento de dependentes de cocaína

MK-4101 - a potent inhibitor of the hedgehog pathway - is highly active against medulloblastoma and basal cell carcinoma

Aberrant activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is implicated in the pathogenesis of many cancers, including medulloblastoma and basal cell carcinoma (BCC). In this study, using neonatally irradiated Ptch1+/- mice as a model of Hh-dependent tumors, we investigated the in vivo effects of MK-4101, a novel SMO antagonist, for treatment of medulloblastoma and BCC. Results clearly demonstrated a robust antitumor activity of MK-4101, achieved through the inhibition of proliferation and induction of extensive apoptosis in tumor cells. Of note, beside antitumor activity on transplanted tumors, MK-4101 was highly efficacious against primary medulloblastoma and BCC developing in the cerebellum and skin of Ptch1+/- mice. By identifying the changes induced by MK-4101 in gene expression profiles in tumors, we also elucidated the mechanism of action of this novel, orally administrable compound. MK-4101 targets the Hh pathway in tumor cells, showing the maximum inhibitory effect on Gli1. MK-4101 also induced deregulation of cell cycle and block of DNA replication in tumors. Members of the IGF and Wnt signaling pathways, were among the most highly deregulated genes by MK-4101, suggesting that the interplay among Hh, IGF and Wnt is crucial in Hh-dependent tumorigenesis. Altogether, the results of this preclinical study support a therapeutic opportunity for MK-4101 in the treatment of Hh-driven cancers, also providing useful information for combination therapy with drugs targeting pathways cooperating with Hh oncogenic activity

PARP-1 cooperates with Ptc1 to suppress medulloblastoma and basal cell carcinoma

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