122 research outputs found
La fascination pour Alexandre le Grand dans les littératures européennes (xe-xvie siÚcles), tome II, Turnhout, Brepols, 2014
Lâouvrage constitue le deuxiĂšme volume dâun ensemble de quatre et correspond Ă la troisiĂšme partie : « Le pouvoir royal dâAlexandre ; littĂ©rature et politique. Les auteurs, leurs mĂ©cĂšnes et leur public ». Lâintroduction de Catherine GaullierâBougassas prĂ©sente les enjeux de la rĂ©flexion (p. 683â687). Elle ouvre les pistes problĂ©matiques qui seront envisagĂ©es : notamment la relation entre les auteurs et les mĂ©cĂšnes, la nature du rapport au politique, quâil soit lâexpression dâĂ©chos de lâactual..
Les gravures du journal illustrĂ© montrĂ©alais LâOpinion publique(1870-1883) : une reprĂ©sentation populaire de lâailleurs
Ce mĂ©moire de maitrise porte sur la reprĂ©sentation de lâailleurs vĂ©hiculĂ©e aux lecteurs dâimages, au QuĂ©bec, par les gravures du journal illustrĂ© LâOpinion publique. Effectivement, si lâHistoire commence avec les premiĂšres traces Ă©crites, elle pose le problĂšme de lâĂ©tude historique de ceux qui nâont pas laissĂ© de tels tĂ©moignages, les personnes qui ne sont pas ou peu alphabĂ©tisĂ©es. Nous proposons dâĂ©tudier ces personnes par le biais de lâimage, mĂ©dium auquel elles ont pu avoir accĂšs. Nous avons ainsi cherchĂ© Ă savoir quelle connaissance de lâailleurs a pu ĂȘtre vĂ©hiculĂ©e aux lecteurs dâimages Ă travers les gravures du journal. Nous considĂ©rons que les gravures sont comprises par tous. Celles-ci reprĂ©sentent la moitiĂ© des pages du pĂ©riodique, nous pensons que ce journal a pu ĂȘtre accessible Ă chacun, Ă ceux que nous appelons les lecteurs dâimages. Nos conclusions montrent que ces illustrations ont pu Ă©tendre la connaissance de lâespace des QuĂ©bĂ©cois, Ă travers la reprĂ©sentation de lâactualitĂ©. Il est Ă noter que ces gravures proviennent en partie de journaux français et montrent la France et ses colonies. La population montrĂ©alaise se trouve donc au contact dâune certaine influence française, dont les Ă©lites se font les vecteurs. Une comparaison avec le Canadian Illustrated News rĂ©vĂšle de profondes diffĂ©rences. Ainsi, ce journal du mĂȘme propriĂ©taire indique un intĂ©rĂȘt marquĂ© pour lâEmpire britannique. Ce journal qui vise un public plus cultivĂ© que celui de son homologue francophone donne Ă voir un espace plus large Ă ses lecteurs. Ainsi, chaque ligne Ă©ditoriale se fait lâĂ©cho de reprĂ©sentations diffĂ©rentes, transmises Ă ses lecteurs, populaires ou moins, francophones ou anglophones.This masterâs thesis focuses on the representation of the idea of âelsewhereâ as conveyed by the illustrated newspaper LâOpinion publiqueâs engravings to the picturesâreaders in Quebec. Indeed, if history did commence with the written word alone, challenges would arise with regards to the historical study of those who did not leave behind such accounts, namely the illiterate or barely literate. We propose to study this audience by means of the printed picture. Thus, we explored how âelsewhereâ was portrayed to the newspaperâs readers through the medium of the picture. We believe that the pictures were understood by everyone. Considering half of the newspaper consisted of illustrations, we assume LâOpinion publique would have been accessible to everyone. Our conclusions show that these illustrations could have expanded knowledge of space of the Quebecers, through the representation of the news. We notice a part of these engravings come from French newspapers and depict France and her colonies. Through the elite, Montreal population is in contact with a degree of French influence. A comparison with the Canadian Illustrated News reveals significant differences. This newspaper, owned by the same person, indicates a marked interest in the British Empire. The Canadian Illustrated News aims at a public more cultured than the French-speaking counterpart, indicated by the broader array of topics covered. Thus both papers explored different points-of-views, which were transmitted to its readers, working class or not, French or English speaking
Florence Tanniou, « Raconter la vraie estoire de Troie ». Histoire et édification dans le Roman de Troie en prose (Prose 1, version commune)
Le Roman de Troie en prose nommĂ© Prose 1 est une mise en prose du roman en vers Ă©crit par BenoĂźt de Sainte-Maure vers 1165. Il sâagit dâune rĂ©Ă©criture de la seconde moitiĂ© du xiiie siĂšcle qui, bien loin de constituer un simple dĂ©rimage, manifeste une ambition historiographique et offre une vision Ă©difiante de la lĂ©gende, assurĂ©e par des moralisations qui se prĂ©sentent comme sa caractĂ©ristique principale. La confrontation avec la source en vers, ainsi quâavec dâautres Ćuvres contemporaines com..
Decoding identities in âFrancophoneâ African postcolonial spaces: local novels, global narratives
My research bridges the gap between Anglophone postcolonial studies and Francophone literary studies by looking at Francophone literature from West and Equatorial Africa, which remains under-studied in France.
This work answers key questions: how can this literature be interpreted beyond its current confines? How does it rethink local and global identities? What theoretical configurations can be applied to these writers to bring them into greater academic and public prominence? I propose a comprehensive analysis of this literatureâs significance in the world through a comparative reading of five contemporary regional novels in their political, social and historical context. This multidirectional reading allows me to evoke what Dominic Thomas calls an âintercultural dynamicsâ in which colonialism âfinds itself relocated as a mechanism that proceeds from globalizationâ, and integrates various spatial zones in which thinking is produced. It brings forward key writers situated âoutside of the parameters of Frenchnessâ inscribed in cosmopolitan decolonizing and cultural reconstruction trends, such as LĂ©onora Miano, a young Cameroonian author and winner of six French literary prizes; Fatou Diome, a Senegalese best-selling writer; SĂ©nouvo Agbota Zinsou from Togo, 63 and in political exile; one contemporary writer, Kangni Alem (Togo), and one more established intellectual, Boubacar Boris Diop (Senegal)
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Golden tides: Problem or golden opportunity? The valorisation of sargassum from beach inundations
In recent years there have been massive inundations of pelagic Sargassum known as golden-tides on the beaches of the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico and West Africa causing considerable damage to the local economy and environment. Commercial exploration of this biomass for food, fuel and pharmaceutical products could fund clean-up and offset the economic impact of these Golden-tides. This paper reviews the potential uses and obstacles for exploitation of pelagic Sargassum.
Although, Sargassum has considerable potential as a source of biochemicals, feed, food, fertiliser and fuel, variable and undefined composition together with the possible presence of marine pollutants may make golden-tides unsuitable for food, nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals and limit its use in feed and fertilisers.
Discontinuous and unreliable supply of Sargassum, also presents considerable challenges. Low cost methods of preservation such as solar drying and ensiling may address the problem of discontinuity. The use of processes that can handle a variety of biological and waste feedstocks in addition to Sargassum is a solution to unreliable supply, and anaerobic digestion for the production of biogas is one such process.
More research is need to characterise golden-tides and identify and develop commercial products and processes
Anaerobic digestion and gasification of seaweed
The potential of algal biomass as a source of liquid and gaseous biofuels is a highly topical theme, with over 70 years of sometimes intensive research and considerable financial investment. A wide range of unit operations can be combined to produce algal biofuel, but as yet there is no successful commercial system producing such biofuel. This suggests that there are major technical and engineering difficulties to be resolved before economically viable algal biofuel production can be achieved. Both gasification and anaerobic digestion have been suggested as promising methods for exploiting bioenergy from biomass, and two major projects have been funded in the UK on the gasification and anaerobic digestion of seaweed, MacroBioCrude and SeaGas. This chapter discusses the use of gasification and anaerobic digestion of seaweed for the production of biofuel
Etude de la production de biomolĂ©cules d'intĂ©rĂȘt (phlorotannins, pigments, lipides) d' algues brunes modĂšles par des approches combinĂ©es de profilage mĂ©tabolique et d'Ă©cophysiologie
Our study is part of the research process for new compounds of natural origin with biological activities and possible industrial perspectives. In a first part, we tested innovative extraction methodologies using three brown algae species as model. We optimized the solid/liquid extraction protocol by estimating diverse crucial parameters which influence the extraction yield and radical scavenging activities of extracts. In order to find an innovative and more "green" extraction methodology answering the European standards, we thus tested more recent extraction methods using solvents in their supercritical state or under pressure. The comparison with the solid/liquid process allowed us to select pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) using an ethanol-water mixture for the extraction of active compounds with a high efficiency, but also to select Sargassum muticum as an interesting model for further investigations. In a second part, we were interested in the quantitative and qualitative variations of the main macromolecules present in the invasive species S. muticum in Europe. The employment of two analytical techniques (NMR HR-MAS and IR spectroscopy), allowed us to have an overview of biochemical parts of the algae, which vary according to the geographical position of this wide spread species. This study showed how a species is able to modify its biochemical composition, and then to acclimate, according to the environment. We then focused on molecules, which showed important variations along the latitudinal range of S. muticum. This work highlighted the effects of environmental parameters on lipid (GC analysis) and protein compartments as well as on carbohydrates and pigments quantities (HPLC analysis). The influence of these parameters on the size of individuals was also discussed. The last part of this study allowed us to describe the quantitative and qualitative variations of phlorotannins in S. muticum on a large spatial scale, along a latitudinal gradient (Norway-Portugal). At first this variability was measured thanks to temporal and spatial follow-up of the phlorotannins contents. The study of intra-specific and intra-individual variabilities allowed us to highlight an effect of the development stage and of the seaweed part: phlorotannins contents and activities are more important in holdfast and in mature individuals. After the research of a simple protocol for the phenolic compounds semi-purification present in Sargassum muticum, we were able to highlight the presence of compounds of only phlorethol type in this species by means of 2D RMN techniques. These semi-purified fractions possess notorious radical scavenging and antibacterial activities. Finally, the use of several membrane separation techniques allowed us to consider the molecular weight of the various compounds present in the extracted pool of phenolic compounds. Finally, under controlled conditions, the effects of the light quality and the seawater temperature were tested: UV-A and UV-B radiations boost the production of CP while an increase of the temperature makes the phlorotannins production decreasing in S. muticum.Notre Ă©tude sâinscrit dans un processus de recherche de nouveaux composĂ©s dâorigine naturelle Ă activitĂ©s biologiques avĂ©rĂ©es Ă partir de macroalgues brunes, avec dâĂ©ventuelles perspectives dâexploitation industrielle. Ainsi, dans un premier volet nous avons testĂ© des mĂ©thodologies innovantes en matiĂšre dâextraction en utilisant trois espĂšces dâalgues brunes comme modĂšles. Nous avons optimisĂ© le protocole dâextraction solide/liquide en estimant divers paramĂštres cruciaux qui influent sur le rendement dâextraction et sur les activitĂ©s antiradicalaires des composĂ©s extraits. Soucieux de trouver une mĂ©thodologie innovante dâextraction plus « verte » rĂ©pondant aux normes europĂ©ennes, nous avons donc testĂ© des mĂ©thodes dâextraction utilisant des solvants dans leur Ă©tat supercritique ou sous forme pressurisĂ©s. La comparaison avec le procĂ©dĂ© dâextraction solide/liquide nous a permis de sĂ©lectionner lâextraction par fluides pressurisĂ©s (PLE) employĂ©e avec un mĂ©lange Ethanol-Eau pour lâextraction de composĂ©s antiradicalaires avec une haute efficacitĂ©. Dans une deuxiĂšme partie nous nous sommes intĂ©ressĂ©s aux variations quantitatives et qualitatives des principales macromolĂ©cules prĂ©sentes chez lâespĂšce invasive Sargassum muticum en Europe. Lâemploi de deux techniques analytiques, RMN HR-MAS et spectroscopie IR, nous a permis dâavoir une vue dâensemble des compartiments susceptibles de subir des variations selon la position gĂ©ographique dâune mĂȘme espĂšce Ă large rĂ©partition. Cette Ă©tude nous a montrĂ© comment une espĂšce est capable de changer sa composition biochimique en fonction de son environnement et ainsi sâacclimater Ă des milieux assez diffĂ©rents. Ce travail a mis en Ă©vidence les effets de diffĂ©rents paramĂštres environnementaux sur les compartiments lipidique (analysĂ©s en GC), protĂ©ique ainsi que sur les quantitĂ©s de carbohydrates et de pigments (analysĂ©s en HPLC). Lâinfluence de ces paramĂštres sur la taille des individus de Sargassum muticum a Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© discutĂ©e. La derniĂšre partie de cette Ă©tude nous a permis de dĂ©crire les variations quantitatives et qualitatives des phlorotannins chez lâespĂšce invasive Sargassum muticum sur une grande Ă©chelle spatiale, le long dâun gradient latitudinal (NorvĂšge-Portugal). Dans un premier temps cette variabilitĂ© a Ă©tĂ© apprĂ©hendĂ©e grĂące Ă un suivi temporel et spatial des teneurs en phlorotannins. LâĂ©tude des variabilitĂ©s intra-spĂ©cifiques et intra-individuelles nous a permis de mettre en Ă©vidence un effet du stade de dĂ©veloppement et de la partie de lâalgue considĂ©rĂ©e : les teneurs et activitĂ©s des phlorotannins sont plus importantes dans les crampons et chez les individus matures. AprĂšs la recherche dâun protocole simple pour la semi-purification des composĂ©s phĂ©noliques prĂ©sent chez Sargassum muticum, nous avons pu mettre en Ă©vidence la prĂ©sence de composĂ©s de type phlorethol au moyen de techniques de RMN Ă deux dimensions (2D). Ces fractions semi-purifiĂ©es possĂšdent des activitĂ©s antiradicalaire et antibactĂ©rienne notoires. Enfin, lâutilisation de plusieurs techniques de sĂ©paration membranaires nous a permis dâestimer le poids molĂ©culaire des diffĂ©rents composĂ©s prĂ©sents dans le pool de composĂ©s phĂ©noliques extrait. Enfin, suite aux constats effectuĂ©s sur les populations, lâeffet de lâintensitĂ© lumineuse et de la tempĂ©rature de lâeau a pu ĂȘtre apprĂ©ciĂ© isolĂ©ment : les radiations UVA et UVB boostent la production de CP alors quâune augmentation de la tempĂ©rature fait chuter la production de CP chez S. muticum
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