Los derechos de la naturaleza y el principio del buen vivir como un giro decolonial en la gobernanza ambiental internacional

This article criticizes the current structure of international environmental governance. To that end, it examines three normative responses to strengthening environmental protection in armed conflicts, international criminal law, and international economic law. The objective is to demonstrate that the common denominator among them is to subject environmental protection to the achievement of anthropocentric interests. Accordingly, they reproduce an instrumental view of nature, whose legal protection is a function of its utility or value for the human species rather than its intrinsic importance. Nevertheless, the anthropocentrism prevailing in international law is not accidental but an expression of the contemporary legal imagination forged by capitalist modernity. Hence, to provide adequate responses to the climate crisis and the growing demands for environmental justice, international law must epistemologically detach from the anthropocentric approach that conceives society-nature relations from the capitalist logic of producing value. Specifically, the proposal is that, as a decolonial turn, international law should embrace the rights of nature and the principle of buen vivir as concepts that promote transformative approaches to political economy.Este artículo hace una crítica a la estructura actual de la gobernanza ambiental internacional. Para ello se examinan tres iniciativas normativas que buscan fortalecer la gobernanza ambiental en relación con los conflictos armados, el derecho internacional penal y el derecho internacional económico. El objetivo es evidenciar que su común denominador es supeditar la protección del medio ambiente al logro de intereses de tipo antropocéntrico. Así, reproducen una mirada instrumental de la naturaleza, cuya protección jurídica no parte del reconocimiento de su importancia intrínseca, sino de la utilidad o el valor que representa para la especie humana. Además, en el artículo se argumenta que este antropocentrismo no es casual, sino una manifestación de la imaginación jurídica contemporánea forjada por la Modernidad capitalista. Por consiguiente, para proveer respuestas adecuadas a la crisis climática y a las crecientes demandas de justicia ambiental, el derecho internacional debe alejarse epistemológicamente del enfoque antropocéntrico que implica entender las relaciones sociedad-naturaleza desde la lógica capitalista de producir valor. Por ello, se propone que, como giro decolonial, el derecho internacional tenga apertura hacia los derechos de la naturaleza y el principio del buen vivir como conceptos que promueven visiones transformadoras de economía política

Comentarios al capítulo de inversiones del TLC entre Colombia y los Estados Unidos

Existe la idea de que la importancia de los Tratados de Libre Comercio (TLC), radica en la creación de una zona de libre de comercio entre los Estados contratantes mediante la eliminación de aranceles. Sin embargo, la experiencia demuestra que estos Acuerdos abarcan cuestiones que sobrepasan el comercio de mercancías. En efecto, la anatomía usual de un TLC, refleja la adopción de compromisos en torno a temas tan disímiles como la propiedad intelectual y el cuidado del medio ambiente. La protección a la inversión extranjera, es uno de los aspectos de mayor relevancia, distintos al comercio, que suele incorporarse a un TLC. El Acuerdo suscrito entre Colombia y los Estados Unidos no es contrario a esta tendencia, por cuanto el Capítulo Décimo fue enteramente dedicado a la inversión. A continuación se comentan algunos de los aspectos más significativos del Capítulo

How to enhance labor provisions in IIAs

Labor provisions in IIAs should focus on corporate activity rather than governmental action. In order to encourage corporations to embrace the highest available international standards, labor provisions in IIAs should make reference to multilateral instruments that entail market-based incentives to promote labor rights on a CSR basis

Evaluación in vitro de la actividad fungistática del aceite esencial de mandarina sobre el crecimiento de Penicillium sp.

The fungi Penicillium digitatum and P. italicum represent the main global economic loss to the citrus industry during postharvest stage. Nowadays, the use of fungicides is increasingly restricted due to their carcinogenic, teratogenic, high residuality, long degradation period, environmental contamination, increased pathogen resistance, among others. Natural antimicrobial compounds could be a safe and viable option to minimize disease losses facing the industry. In this study, we evaluated in vitro the activity of tymol, carvacrol and commercial mandarin oil (Italian Mandarin) at concentrations of 40 and 50 ppm using the agar diffusion method and microbiological testing. All the essential oils evaluated for both fungi, showed an inhibition rate between 50% and 100%, and the effect was higher at doses of 50 ppm. This effect was followed by inhibition of sporulation and germination. Carvacrol showed the higher antifungal activity for both fungi studied. P. digitatum showed a greater sensitivity to the effect of the essential oils evaluated compared to P. italicum. Commercial mandarin essential oil can be an alternative to the control of postharvest diseases caused by Penicillium sp. in plant productsLos hongos Penicillium digitatum y P. italicum representan mundialmente la principal pérdida conómica para el sector citrícola durante la etapa de poscosecha. El uso de fungicidas es cada vez más restringido debido a sus efectos carcinogénicos, teratogénicos, alta residualidad, período largo de degradación, contaminación ambiental y aumento de la resistencia por parte de los patógenos, entre otros. Los compuestos antimicrobianos de origen natural pueden ser una alternativa viable y segura para minimizar las pérdidas por enfermedades que enfrenta el sector. En este trabajo se evaluó y comparó in vitro la actividad antifúngica del aceite comercial de mandarina, timol y carvacrol, a concentraciones de 40 y 50 ppm, usando el método de difusión en agar y pruebas microbiológicas. Todos los compuestos y aceites evaluados presentaron un porcentaje de inhibición entre 50% y 100%, para ambos hongos, siendo mayor la inhibición en dosis de 50 ppm. Carvacrol presentó mayor actividad antifúngica sobre ambos hongos. P. digitatum mostró mayor sensibilidad que P. italicum al efecto de los aceites esenciales evaluados. El aceite esencial comercial de mandarina puede ser una alternativa para el control de enfermedades poscosecha causadas por Penicillium sp., en productos vegetales

国际投资协议中的劳工条款：从激励条款转向有效承诺

Labor provisions in IIAs should focus on corporate activity rather than governmental action. In order to encourage corporations to embrace the highest available international standards, labor provisions in IIAs should make reference to multilateral instruments that entail market-based incentives to promote labor rights on a CSR basis

Traducción de la sentencia de la Corte Internacional de Justicia (cij) relativa a la Delimitación marítima en el océano Índico (Somalia c. Kenia), decisión proferida el 12 de octubre de 2021

A continuación, se presenta una traducción no oficial al español del texto de la sentencia de la cij relativa a la Delimitación marítima en el océano Índico (Somalia c. Kenia), cuya decisión fue proferida el 12 de octubre de 2021. El texto original de la sentencia puede ser consultado en la página web de la cij. La presente traducción es exclusivamente para fines de divulgación. No existe una versión oficial en español de las sentencias de la cij, estas se emiten solo en sus idiomas oficiales: francés e inglés, según el artículo 39-1 del Estatuto. Además, de acuerdo con lo ordenado en el párrafo 2 del mismo artículo, en cada sentencia la cij determina cuál es el idioma en el cual hace fe. En el presente caso fue  el inglés. Al final de la traducción de la sentencia de fondo se incluyó también la traducción del resumen de las declaraciones, opiniones separadas y opiniones disidentes que los jueces adicionaron a la decisión

Ventilator-associated pneumonia is an important risk factor for mortality after major cardiac surgery

Producción CientíficaVentilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is the main infectious complication in cardiac surgery patients and is associated with an important increase in morbidity and mortality. The aim of our study was to analyze the impact of VAP on mortality excluding other comorbidities and to study its etiology and the risk factors for its development. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective cohort study included 1610 postoperative cardiac surgery patients' status post cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) between July 2004 and January 2008. The primary outcome measures were the development of VAP and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: Ventilator-associated pneumonia was observed in 124 patients (7.7%). Patients with VAP had a longer length of hospitalization (40.7 ± 35.1 vs 16.1 ± 30.1 days, P <.0001) and greater in-hospital mortality (49.2% [61/124] vs 2.0% [30/1486], P =.0001) in comparison with patients without VAP. After performing the Cox multivariant analysis adjustment, VAP was identified as the most important independent mortality risk factor (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 8.53; 95% confidence interval, 4.21-17.30; P =.0001). Other independent risk factors of in-hospital mortality were chronic renal failure (HR, 2.56), diabetes mellitus (HR, 1.90), CPB time (HR, 1.51), respiratory failure (HR, 2.13), acute renal failure (HR, 2.39), and mediastinal bleeding of at least 1000 mL (HR, 1.81)

Using quality risk management in the plantibody HB-01 manufacturing by transgenic tobacco Plants for vaccine production

The production of biopharmaceuticals by transgenic plants is a promising choice to achieve the multi-kilogram amount of products needed to treat many human diseases. However, this scientific field is still lacking of approved specific guidelines regarding points to consider for manufacturing and application of these products. In such sense, the implementation of new manufacturing processes and quality systems using the quality risks management is recognized as something of prime importance in the current pharmaceutical industry. In this work, we summarize the application of the FMEA method to design the manufacturing process of a plantibody, employed in the hepatitis B vaccine production to ensure the vaccine high quality.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Using quality risk management in the plantibody HB-01 manufacturing by transgenic tobacco Plants for vaccine production

The production of biopharmaceuticals by transgenic plants is a promising choice to achieve the multi-kilogram amount of products needed to treat many human diseases. However, this scientific field is still lacking of approved specific guidelines regarding points to consider for manufacturing and application of these products. In such sense, the implementation of new manufacturing processes and quality systems using the quality risks management is recognized as something of prime importance in the current pharmaceutical industry. In this work, we summarize the application of the FMEA method to design the manufacturing process of a plantibody, employed in the hepatitis B vaccine production to ensure the vaccine high quality.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Clinical and genetic characterization of RDH12-retinal dystrophy in a South American cohort

Purpose: To characterize the largest cohort of individuals with RDH12-retinal dystrophy to date, and the first one from South America. // Design: Retrospective multicenter international study. // Subjects: 78 patients (66 families) with an inherited retinal dystrophy and biallelic variants in RDH12. // Methods: Review of clinical notes, ophthalmic images, and molecular diagnosis. // Main outcome measures: Visual function, retinal imaging and characteristics were evaluated and correlated. // Results: Thirty-seven individuals self-identified as Latino (51%) and 34 as White (47%). Mean age at the baseline visit was 19.8 ± 13 years old (6 months – 46 years old, median 18.5); 41 (53%) were children. Thirty-nine patients (50%) had subsequent visits, with mean follow-up of 6.8 + 7.3 years (0 – 29). Sixty-nine individuals (88%) had Leber congenital amaurosis/early onset severe retinal dystrophy (LCA/EOSRD). Macular and mid-peripheral atrophy was seen in all patients from 3 years of age. A novel retinal finding was a hyperautofluorescent ring in 2 young children with LCA. Eight variants (21%) were previously unreported and the most frequent variant was c.295C>A, p.Leu99Ile, present in 52 alleles of 32 probands. Individuals with LCA homozygous for p.Leu99Ile (31%) had a later age of onset, slower rate of BCVA decrease, the largest percentage of patients with mild visual impairment, and were predicted to reach legal blindness at an older age than the rest of the cohort. // Conclusions: By describing the largest molecularly confirmed cohort to date, improved understanding of disease progression was possible. Our detailed characterization aims to support research and the development of novel therapies that may have the potential to reduce or prevent vision loss in individuals with RDH12-associated retinal dystrophy