Relating descriptors of the Finnish school scale to the CEF overall scales for communicative activities

Peer reviewe

USING THE METHOD OF NARRATIVE CHANGE ACCOUNTING IN THE RESEARCH OF A LARGE FOREST INDUSTRY COMPANY. POWER AND CHANGE IN FOCUS

The aim of the study was to analyze the use of power in a strategic change process within a large forest industry company. The organization in question had a total of 7 700 employees, 6–8 organizational levels, over 30 production units and a widespread international sales network.

Private Indebtedness and the Banking Crisis in Finland

In Finland the private sector borrowing started to rise rapidly in conjunction with the liberalization of capital movements and deregulation of the domestic financial sector during the second half of the 1980s. The financial deregulation coincided with and amplified an economic boom marked by favourable income expectations, loose fiscal policy associated with improved terms of trade and anticipated reduction in income tax rates. All these factors contributed to the overheating of the Finnish economy that finally turned into a severe recession in the beginning of 1990s. The reaction of households to financial deregulation in Finland was similar to that in the other Nordic countries. As in Norway and Sweden, household indebtedness started to rise in the mid-1980s, after the abolishment of lending rate regulations and prior savings requirements for housing loans. Measured by the ratio of household debt to annual disposable income, household indebtedness peaked in 1990 at more than 80 per cent of annual disposable income. Since then, it has fallen slightly. Debt financing in the corporate sector started to increase rapidly in conjunction with the liberalization of capital movements, which enabled firms also in the domestic sector to raise loans in foreign currencies. During the 1980s debt financing grew most in the real estate business, construction and services. Despite increased borrowing, the debt with respect to equity of Finnish firms did not rise significantly until 1990–91, because a large part of the debt growth was matched by increases in corporate earnings and equity values during the late 1980s. Recession turned the situation for the worse as corporate earnings and the market value of assets plummeted. High indebtedness and overcapacity especially in the domestic sector will require several years of adjusting.banking crisis; indebtedness

Bankruptcies, Indebtedness and the Credit Crunch

This paper deals with Finnish bankruptcies. It shows that bankruptcies are strongly related to the business cycle and that they are perhaps even more strongly related to indebtedness, real interest rates and asset prices. The importance of these financial factors probably increased when the financial markets were liberalized in the early 1980s. Although there is a lot of seasonal and cyclical variation in bankruptcies the long run level (especially when adjusted to the number of firms) is almost constant representing some sort of "a natural rate of bankruptcies". What makes bankruptcies so important is the fact that they directly affect production, employment and credit expansion. The credit crunch effect in particular is scrutinized in the paper.bankruptcies; indebtedness; credit crunch; business cycle

Low-power Programmable Processor for Fast Fourier Transform Based on Transport Triggered Architecture

This paper describes a low-power processor tailored for fast Fourier transform computations where transport triggering template is exploited. The processor is software-programmable while retaining an energy-efficiency comparable to existing fixed-function implementations. The power savings are achieved by compressing the computation kernel into one instruction word. The word is stored in an instruction loop buffer, which is more power-efficient than regular instruction memory storage. The processor supports all power-of-two FFT sizes from 64 to 16384 and given 1 mJ of energy, it can compute 20916 transforms of size 1024.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, ICASSP 2019 conferenc

Maaseudun ympäristönhoito

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Palkokasvien biologiasta

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