REPORT ON THE COST OF CRIME

The full title of the twelfth report of the National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement is Report on the Cost of Crime and Criminal Justice in the United States. A more descriptive title, suggested by the actual content of the report, would be The Economic Consequences of Crime. The report constitutes a volume of 657 pages, of which the report proper covers 453 pages, and various appendices make up the balance. For the hasty reader the most essential parts are the first eight pages, constituting the Commission\u27s comments, and the summary and recommendations, of Messrs. Goldthwaite H. Dorr and Sidney P. Simpson who prepared the report. In the preparation of the report these gentlemen were assisted by numbers of experts in the fields of law, political science, sociology, and accounting, and by literally hundreds of citizens, working for the most part without compensation, who furnished the underlying data. In spite of the lack of time, lack of funds, lack of trained investigators, and, perhaps most serious of all, lack of uniform and detailed statistics, it must be said that the Report accomplishes that which must have been its chief purpose, namely, the calling of public attention with vigor and clarity to the exceedingly great importance of crime just from the standpoint of the economic loss and waste which it entails

Distribution cost accounting for wholesaling

Recent legislation, such as the Robinson-Patman Act, has brought to the fore the need for improved distribution cost accounting. The Bureau, in response to demands from business for assistance in this field, has prepared this study of distribution cost procedure for the field of wholesaling. This important field includes the great variety of wholesale houses, and the newer types of wholesaling engaged in by direct distributors and direct purchasers

Towards a System Level Understanding of Non-Model Organisms Sampled from the Environment: A Network Biology Approach

The acquisition and analysis of datasets including multi-level omics and physiology from non-model species, sampled from field populations, is a formidable challenge, which so far has prevented the application of systems biology approaches. If successful, these could contribute enormously to improving our understanding of how populations of living organisms adapt to environmental stressors relating to, for example, pollution and climate. Here we describe the first application of a network inference approach integrating transcriptional, metabolic and phenotypic information representative of wild populations of the European flounder fish, sampled at seven estuarine locations in northern Europe with different degrees and profiles of chemical contaminants. We identified network modules, whose activity was predictive of environmental exposure and represented a link between molecular and morphometric indices. These sub-networks represented both known and candidate novel adverse outcome pathways representative of several aspects of human liver pathophysiology such as liver hyperplasia, fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. At the molecular level these pathways were linked to TNF alpha, TGF beta, PDGF, AGT and VEGF signalling. More generally, this pioneering study has important implications as it can be applied to model molecular mechanisms of compensatory adaptation to a wide range of scenarios in wild populations

Patient-reported outcomes in the ProtecT randomized trial of clinically localized prostate cancer treatments: Study design, and baseline urinary, bowel and sexual function and quality of life

Objectives: To present the baseline patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in the Prostate Testing for Cancer and Treatment (ProtecT) randomized trial comparing active monitoring, radical prostatectomy and external-beam conformal radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer and to compare results with other populations. Materials and Methods: A total of 1643 randomized men, aged 50-69 years and diagnosed with clinically localized disease identified by prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing, in nine UK cities in the period 1999-2009 were included. Validated PROMs for disease-specific (urinary, bowel and sexual function) and condition-specific impact on quality of life (Expanded Prostate Index Composite [EPIC], 2005 onwards; International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence [ICIQ-UI], 2001 onwards; the International Continence Society short-form male survey [ICSmaleSF]; anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS]), generic mental and physical health (12-item short-form health survey [SF-12]; EuroQol quality-of-life survey, the EQ-5D-3L) were assessed at prostate biopsy clinics before randomization. Descriptive statistics are presented by treatment allocation and by men's age at biopsy and PSA testing time points for selected measures. Results: A total of 1438 participants completed biopsy questionnaires (88%) and 77-88% of these were analysed for individual PROMs. Fewer than 1% of participants were using pads daily (5/754). Storage lower urinary tract symptoms were frequent (e.g. nocturia 22%, 312/1423). Bowel symptoms were rare, except for loose stools (16%, 118/754). One third of participants reported erectile dysfunction (241/735) and for 16% (118/731) this was a moderate or large problem. Depression was infrequent (80/1399, 6%) but 20% of participants (278/1403) reported anxiety. Sexual function and bother were markedly worse in older men (65-70 years), whilst urinary bother and physical health were somewhat worse than in younger men (49-54 years, all P < 0.001). Bowel health, urinary function and depression were unaltered by age, whilst mental health and anxiety were better in older men (P < 0.001). Only minor differences existed in mental or physical health, anxiety and depression between PSA testing and biopsy assessments. Conclusion: The ProtecT trial baseline PROMs response rates were high. Symptom frequencies and generic quality of life were similar to those observed in populations screened for prostate cancer and control subjects without cancer

REPORT ON THE COST OF CRIME

The full title of the twelfth report of the National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement is Report on the Cost of Crime and Criminal Justice in the United States. A more descriptive title, suggested by the actual content of the report, would be The Economic Consequences of Crime. The report constitutes a volume of 657 pages, of which the report proper covers 453 pages, and various appendices make up the balance. For the hasty reader the most essential parts are the first eight pages, constituting the Commission\u27s comments, and the summary and recommendations, of Messrs. Goldthwaite H. Dorr and Sidney P. Simpson who prepared the report. In the preparation of the report these gentlemen were assisted by numbers of experts in the fields of law, political science, sociology, and accounting, and by literally hundreds of citizens, working for the most part without compensation, who furnished the underlying data. In spite of the lack of time, lack of funds, lack of trained investigators, and, perhaps most serious of all, lack of uniform and detailed statistics, it must be said that the Report accomplishes that which must have been its chief purpose, namely, the calling of public attention with vigor and clarity to the exceedingly great importance of crime just from the standpoint of the economic loss and waste which it entails

2013 ESC guidelines on the management of stable coronary artery disease: The Task Force on the management of stable coronary artery disease of the European Society of Cardiology

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