Entwicklung und Anwendung eines typunabhängigen, minimalinvasiven Zustandsbewertungsverfahrens für SF6-Hochspannungsschaltanlagen

Zustandsbewertungen stellen eine wichtige Grundlage für Assetentscheidungen über Instandhaltungs- und Erneuerungsbedarfe in einer technischen Infrastruktur dar, die im Spannungsfeld zwischen minimalen Kosten und maximaler Verfügbarkeit getroffen werden müssen. Die Zustandsbewertung ist abhängig von unterschiedlichsten Einflüssen, so dass die Ausgestaltung eines Zustandsbewertungsverfahrens in Wechselwirkung mit den zu bewertenden Objekten und den erhältlichen zustandsrelevanten Informationen steht. Die zu bewertenden Objekte dieser Arbeit sind eine konkrete Gruppe von SF6-Hochspannungsschaltanlagen, die aus insgesamt 198 Schaltfeldern besteht. Allgemein stellen SF6-Hochspannungsschaltanlagen eine besondere Bauform von Hochspannungsschaltanlagen dar, da alle Betriebsmittel, wie beispielsweise Schaltgeräte und Wandler, innerhalb einer hermetisch verschlossenen metallischen Kapselung installiert sind. Innerhalb der Kapselung befindet sich reines SF6-Gas. SF6 – Schwefelhexafluorid – hat sehr gute dielektrische Eigenschaften und erlaubt es daher, Hochspannungsanlagen wesentlich kompakter als in luftisolierter Ausführung zu bauen. SF6-Hochspannungsschaltanlagen haben lange Lebensdauern und werden seit über 50 Jahren im Hochspannungsverteilnetz für unterschiedliche Schaltaufgaben eingesetzt. Daher zeichnen sich Kollektive von SF6-Hochspannungsschaltanlagen in der Regel durch unterschiedliche Fabrikate, also durch technologische und bauliche Inhomogenität aus. Hinzu kommen weitere Inhomogenitätsaspekte wie Art und Umfang von verfügbaren zustandsrelevanten Daten. Beschaffungsmöglichkeiten sowie Aktualität und Aussagekraft zustandsrelevanter Daten können sich stark unterscheiden. Dies liegt zum einen an der metallischen Kapselung, die die Anwendung diagnostischer Methoden er-schwert und zum anderen an den Einsatzschwerpunkten von SF6-Hochspannungsschaltanlagen. Diese Einsatzschwerpunkte sind insbesondere im Industrie- und Großstadtbereich, die beide hohe Verfügbarkeitsanforderungen und daher eingeschränkte Freischaltmöglichkeiten haben. Folglich sind viele Methoden der Zustandsdatenbe-schaffung nicht oder nur eingeschränkt nutzbar. Diese Arbeit zeigt, wie die angesprochenen Inhomogenitäten durch die Kombination eines funktionsorientierten Modellierungsansatzes mit Datenverarbeitungsregeln der Evidenztheorie aufgelöst werden können. Die erzeugten Bewertungsergebnisse sind trotz technischer Unterschiede zwischen den einzelnen Anlagenfabrikaten miteinander vergleichbar und ermöglichen damit die Priorisierung von Handlungsmaßnahmen ins-besondere bei Budgetrestriktionen. Die Anwendung des Bewertungsverfahrens ist an 66 Schaltfeldern der oben genannten SF6-Hochspannungsschaltanlagen erfolgt, sodass die Einsatzfähigkeit und Praxisnähe des entwickelten Verfahrens realitätsgerecht demonstriert werden kann. Außerdem kann gezeigt werden, dass auch ältere Anlagen noch gute Zustandsergebnisse aufweisen und die individuelle, typunabhängige Betrachtung eine bessere Ausnutzung der Anlagen und damit wirtschaftliche Vorteile für den Netzbetreiber ermöglicht. Aufgrund der Verfügbarkeitsanforderung der Anlagen kommt der minimalinvasiven Vorgehensweise, also einer Vorgehensweise, die nur geringe Rückwirkungen auf den Anlagenbetrieb hat, eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Diese wird anhand verschiedener diagnostischer Verfahren näher beschrieben und mit anderen Informationsquellen verglichen. Durch beispielhaft gezeigte Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der Zustandsergebnisse darf der Leser von der Entwicklung bis zur Anwendung eine umfangreiche Variantenbeschreibung eines typunabhängigen, minimalinvasiven Zustandsbewertungsverfahrens für SF6-Hochspannungsschaltanlagen erwarten.Condition assessments are an important basis for decisions which concern maintenance and demand for replacements based on achieving maximal availability to minimal costs. The condition assessments depend on several aspects, accordingly the design of the assessment method and the assessed objects as well as the available condition relevant data which are interrelated. During the work on this project a certain group of SF6 -high voltage substations (gas insulated substations – GIS) with 198 bays were assessed. Generally, GIS are a special design of substations, because all equipment like switchgears and instrument transform-ers work inside a metallic enclosure which is filled with SF6 gas. SF6 – sulfur hexafluoride – has very good dielectical properties and allows to construct GIS which are significant smaller than air insulated substations. GIS have a life expectancy of more than 50 years and are used for different switching tasks. Thus groups of GIS often could be characterized by technical and structural inhomogeneity due to different types in use. Sourcing possibilities, actuality and significance of incoming condition relevant data are additional inhomogeneity aspects. In particular, the sourcing possibilities are limited due to very high availability requirements during operation in industrial- and urban areas. This work shows how inhomegenities can be solved by a function oriented modelling approach utilizing data processing rules of the evidence theory. The generated assessment results allow comparability between the different types and therefore the maintenance or replacement decisions can be prioritized objectively taking into account budget restrictions. The application of assessment measures was conducted with 66 bays of above mentioned substations which allows concluding practical utilizability in the field. Moreover, it is shown that even older substations show a good condition and the individual, type independent assessment leads to a better utilization and therefore economic advantages for distribution system operators. Due to availability requirements of the GIS the minimal invasive approach is of special importance. This is described in more detail by means of diagnostic processes with other information sources. The reader may expect the comprehensive description of a type independent, minimal invasive condition assessment method for GIS from development to the application on use cases

Understanding the apparent stator-rotor connections in the rotary ATPase family using coarse-grained computer modeling

Advances in structural biology, such as cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) have allowed for a number of sophisticated protein complexes to be characterized. However, often only a static snapshot of a protein complex is visualized despite the fact that conformational change is frequently inherent to biological function, as is the case for molecular motors. Computer simulations provide valuable insights into the different conformations available to a particular system that are not accessible using conventional structural techniques. For larger proteins and protein complexes, where a fully atomistic description would be computationally prohibitive, coarse-grained simulation techniques such as Elastic Network Modeling (ENM) are often employed, whereby each atom or group of atoms is linked by a set of springs whose properties can be customized according to the system of interest. Here we compare ENM with a recently proposed continuum model known as Fluctuating Finite Element Analysis (FFEA), which represents the biomolecule as a viscoelastic solid subject to thermal fluctuations. These two complementary computational techniques are used to answer a critical question in the rotary ATPase family; implicit within these motors is the need for a rotor axle and proton pump to rotate freely of the motor domain and stator structures. However, current single particle cryo-EM reconstructions have shown an apparent connection between the stators and rotor axle or pump region, hindering rotation. Both modeling approaches show a possible role for this connection and how it would significantly constrain the mobility of the rotary ATPase family

Rotating with the brakes on and other unresolved features of the vacuolar ATPase

The rotary ATPase family is comprised of the ATP synthase (F-ATPase), vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) and acrahael ATPase (A-ATPase). These either predominantly utilise a proton gradient for ATP synthesis or use ATP to produce a proton gradient, driving secondary transport and acidifying organelles. With advances in electron microscopy (EM) has come a significant increase in our understanding of the rotary ATPase family. Following the sub nm resolution reconstructions of both the F and V-ATPase the secondary structure organisation of the elusive subunit a has now been resolved, revealing a novel helical arrangement. Despite these significant developments in our understanding of the rotary ATPases there are still a number of unresolved questions about the mechanism, regulation, and overall architecture, which this mini-review aims to highlight and discuss

Developing a differentiated British literature curriculum that meets of the needs of high school students

The question addressed in the capstone is, what does a differentiated curriculum that meets the needs of a variety of high school students look like? The discussion considers the benefits for and arguments against the use of differentiation in the standard high school classroom, particularly considering the emphasis on standardized testing over authentic assessments. Based largely on Heacox\u27s research and development of Differentiation in the classroom, the capstone uses the concepts of Gardner\u27s Multiple Intelligence Theory and Bloom\u27s Taxonomy to develop a series of lessons for three novels in the British Literature Curriculum. Throughout the unit design, the struggle to balance academic rigor with student ability, interest, and readiness becomes a key factor. The final curriculum product attempts to engage students with their own learning styles and thinking skills while also considering students as unique individuals

Leadership skill development and attitudes of collegiate leaders enrolled in an academic leadership class

Due to the character of the original source materials and the nature of batch digitization, quality control issues may be present in this document. Please report any quality issues you encounter to [email protected], referencing the URI of the item.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 46-48).Issued also on microfiche from Lange Micrographics.The purpose of this study was to assess the change in self-perceived leadership skills and attitudes toward leadership by students enrolled in an academic leadership class. This research was a Post-Then design to assess students' skills and attitudes both before and after completing the collegiate leadership course. The population was students enrolled and receiving credit in a collegiate leadership course. The sample was college students in a leadership course at Texas A&M University during the Spring semester of 1999. Twenty-four students were enrolled and the responding sample included eighteen students. This study used a self-perceived leadership skills inventory, an attitude inventory, and a demographics questionnaire. SPSS[] Graduate Pack 8.0 for Window[] was used to analyze the data. The overacting conclusion of this study was that there was a significant increase in self-perceived leadership skills after completing a collegiate leadership course. Concerning attitudes toward leadership, attitudes decreased with regard to leader control (p=.000) and increased toward a group-centered environment (p=.000). A significant increase in leadership skills took place in each scale area of the survey instrument. Demographic data was garnered from this study to identify commonalities among students. Due to small population and sample size, definitive inferences were unable to be made in most cases; however, the data does exhibit some similar characteristics. Assessing students' participation in leadership activities, results showed that students had opportunities to participate in leadership activities both in high school and college. When considering leadership courses, students generally lacked participation in high school leadership courses, but were more involved in collegiate leadership courses

Leadership skill development and attitudes of collegiate leaders enrolled in an academic leadership class

Due to the character of the original source materials and the nature of batch digitization, quality control issues may be present in this document. Please report any quality issues you encounter to [email protected], referencing the URI of the item.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 46-48).Issued also on microfiche from Lange Micrographics.The purpose of this study was to assess the change in self-perceived leadership skills and attitudes toward leadership by students enrolled in an academic leadership class. This research was a Post-Then design to assess students' skills and attitudes both before and after completing the collegiate leadership course. The population was students enrolled and receiving credit in a collegiate leadership course. The sample was college students in a leadership course at Texas A&M University during the Spring semester of 1999. Twenty-four students were enrolled and the responding sample included eighteen students. This study used a self-perceived leadership skills inventory, an attitude inventory, and a demographics questionnaire. SPSS[] Graduate Pack 8.0 for Window[] was used to analyze the data. The overacting conclusion of this study was that there was a significant increase in self-perceived leadership skills after completing a collegiate leadership course. Concerning attitudes toward leadership, attitudes decreased with regard to leader control (p=.000) and increased toward a group-centered environment (p=.000). A significant increase in leadership skills took place in each scale area of the survey instrument. Demographic data was garnered from this study to identify commonalities among students. Due to small population and sample size, definitive inferences were unable to be made in most cases; however, the data does exhibit some similar characteristics. Assessing students' participation in leadership activities, results showed that students had opportunities to participate in leadership activities both in high school and college. When considering leadership courses, students generally lacked participation in high school leadership courses, but were more involved in collegiate leadership courses

A Descriptive Study of South Dakota Nurse Practitioner Management of Clients with Type II Diabetes

Diabetes is a complex multifaceted disease process which can have devastating consequences. Type II diabetes or noninsulin-dependent diabetes is the most common form of diabetes accounting for about 80% of patients with abnormal glucose metabolism (Keavey, et al., 993) with approximately 5000 new cases of Type II diabetes diagnosed each year (Andreoli, 1993). Because of its complex and the devastating nature of diabetes it is imperative that diabetes be diagnosed and treated properly and aggressively. By following research based standardized protocols one can rest assured one is giving the client with Type II diabetes the best possible care. This study described how Nurse Practitioners (NP) in the state of South Dakota (SD) care for clients with Type II diabetes. Subjects were 43 NPs who work with clients with Type II diabetes. The conceptual framework reflected a synthesis of the literature and demonstrates the relationship between NP management of clients with Type II diabetes and the use of practice guidelines and/or use of Staged Diabetes Management (SDM) as a clinical guideline. Use of practice guidelines guide NP practice of clients with Type II diabetes and can create more euglycemic blood levels. Results indicate that NPs are using some sort of practice guideline in caring for clients with Type II diabetes. Twenty-seven (58.1 percent) SD NPs reported that they used ADA guidelines and twenty-five individuals (58.1 percent) reported they used SDM to care for clients with Type II diabetes. The findings indicate that SD NPs are using a research based standard on which to base their care of the client with Type II diabetes. Consistent research based care will lend credibility and autonomy for NPs (Mahoney, 1992). Research based care and early intervention will enhance the lives of clients with Type II diabetes allowing them to live more productive lives. This paper includes the description of the study and study findings. Implications for the NP and recommendations for further study are also made