Deictic shifts and discursive strategies in Othello

[À l'origine dans / Was originally part of : Thèses et mémoires - FAS - Département d'études anglaises]Ce mémoire, “Deictic Shifts and Discursive Strategies in Othello”, est une étude des outils linguistiques et les stratégies utilisées par les différents personnages de la pièce. Il explore la façon dont le texte est construit et les différentes techniques qui le régissent de l'intérieur. Il étudie également l'utilisation de certains outils tels que les déplacements, les références déictiques indexicaux, les actes de langage et la rhétorique, et la façon dont ils permettent aux intervenants d'obtenir des résultats différents en fonction de la situation où ils sont. Ce travail est divisé en trois chapitres: le premier est consacré aux discours publics où je trace les différentes techniques utilisées par les personnages tel que la monopolization de la parole, la défense ou la persuasion de leurs interlocuteurs. Le deuxième chapitre se concentre sur les discours orientés vers une seule personne et montre comment les discours peuvent être utilisés pour avoir un effet sur l’interlocuteur. La première partie de ce chapitre traite de la sémiotique de choc. La deuxième partie est consacrée à la sémiotique de la tromperie et de manipulation. Le dernier chapitre est consacré aux soliloques et met l'accent sur l'écart entre les paroles de Iago et les réponses émotionnelles ainsi que les changements dans la personnalité d'Othello et de l'effet connexe de ces changements sur sa langue.This thesis, Deictic Shifts and Discursive Strategies in Othello, is a study of the linguistic tools and strategies used by different characters in the play. It explores how the text is built and the different techniques that govern it from within. It also studies the use of certain tools such as deictic shifts, indexical references, speech acts, and rhetoric, and the way they allow the speakers to achieve various results depending on the situation they are in. This thesis is divided into three chapters: the first is dedicated to the public-oriented speeches wherein I trace the different techniques used by the characters to monopolize the conversational floor, defend themselves or convince their addressees. The second chapter focuses on the one-addressee oriented discourses and shows how discourse can be used to have an effect on the addressee. The first part of this chapter deals with the semiotics of shock. The second part is dedicated to the semiotics of deception and manipulation. The last chapter deals with soliloquies and focuses on the discrepancy between Iago’s words and emotional responses as well as the changes in Othello’s personality and the related effect of these changes on his language

Towards anode with low indium content as effective anode in organic solar cells

In2O3 thin films (100 nm thick) have been deposited by reactive evaporation of indium, in an oxygen partial atmosphere. Conductive (σ = 3.5×103 S/cm) and transparent films are obtained using the following experimental conditions: oxygen partial pressure = 1×10−1 Pa, substrate temperature = 300 ◦C and deposition rate = 0.02 nm/s. Layers of this In2O3 thick of 5 nm have been introduced in AZO/In2O3 and FTO/In2O3 multilayer anode structures. The performances of organic photovoltaic cells, based on the couple CuPc/C60, are studied using the anode as parameter. In addition to these bilayers, other structures have been used as anode: AZO, FTO, AZO/In2O3/MoO3, FTO/In2O3/MoO3 and FTO/MoO3. It is shown that the use of the In2O3 film in the bilayer structures improves significantly the cell performances. However the open circuit voltage is quite small while better efficiencies are achieved when MoO3 is present. These results are discussed in the light of surface roughness and surface work function of the different anodes

Sec1/Munc18 Protein Stabilizes Fusion-Competent Syntaxin for Membrane Fusion in Arabidopsis Cytokinesis

SummaryIntracellular membrane fusion requires complexes of syntaxins with other SNARE proteins and regulatory Sec1/Munc18 (SM) proteins. In membrane fusion mediating, e.g., neurotransmitter release or glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in mammals, SM proteins preferentially interact with the inactive closed, rather than the active open, conformation of syntaxin or with the assembled SNARE complex. Other membrane fusion processes such as vacuolar fusion in yeast involve like membranes carrying cis-SNARE complexes, and the role of SM protein is unknown. We investigated syntaxin-SM protein interaction in membrane fusion of Arabidopsis cytokinesis, which involves cytokinesis-specific syntaxin KNOLLE and SM protein KEULE. KEULE interacted with an open conformation of KNOLLE that complemented both knolle and keule mutants. This interaction occurred at the cell division plane and required the KNOLLE linker sequence between helix Hc and SNARE domain. Our results suggest that in cytokinesis, SM protein stabilizes the fusion-competent open form of syntaxin, thereby promoting trans-SNARE complex formation

Influence of annealing and processing conditions on nano-structured thin films of tungsten trioxide

Transition metal oxides represent a novel class of compounds which have attracted a considerable interest in the recent literature. Among these materials, tungsten trioxide has shown great potential due to photo-oxidation of water with visible light, high photocurrent with nano-crystals and good sensing properties towards several gases. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conditions of heat treatment on properties of WO3 thin films prepared by hermal evaporation under vacuum. Physico-chemical properties of WO3 thin layers for different heat processing conditions were determined by X-ray diffraction XRD, microprobe electronics and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).Optical measurement yieldedt ransmission and reflection measurements. The study of the physicochemical properties of thin layers of thermally post-treated tungsten trioxide showed that layers processed under vacuum have an unidentifiable structure than those annealed in air and crystallized under different crystallographic structures depending on processing temperature. Layers annealed in oxygen hadmonoclinic crystalline structures.It has been recorded that crystallinity and transmission of these films were drastically improved

Annealing effect on physical properties of evaporated molybdenum oxide thin films for ethanol sensing

This paper deals with some physical investigations on molybdenum oxide thin films growing on glass substrates by the thermal evaporation method. These films have been subjected to an annealing process under vacuum, air and oxygen at various temperatures 673, 723 and 773 K. First, the physical properties of these layers were analyzed by means of X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical measurements. These techniques have been used to investigate the oxygen index in MoOx properties during the heat treatment. Second, from the reflectance and transmittance optical measurements, it was found that the direct band gap energy value increased from 3.16 to 3.90 eV. Finally, the heat treatments reveal that the oxygen index varies in such molybdenum oxides showing noticeably sensitivity toward ethanol gas

Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) variants circulating in Nigerian dogs

Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) is a highly contagious viral disease with three variants (CPV-2a, CPV-2b and CPV-2c) currently circulating in dogs worldwide. The main aim of this study was to determine the prevalent CPV-2 variant in faecal samples from 53 dogs presenting with acute gastroenteritis suspected to be and consistent with CPV-2 to Nigerian Veterinary Clinics in 2013-2014. Seventy-five per cent of these dogs tested positive for CPV-2 in a commercial antigen test and/or by PCR. Partial sequencing of the VP2 gene of six of these demonstrated them to be CPV-2a. Most of the dogs (60 per cent) were vaccinated, with 74 per cent of them puppies less than six months old

Ecological diagnosis of the Ichkeul National Park (Tunisia) after dams building : the case of waterbirds

The Ichkeul National Park (INP) has been ratified as a National Park (1980), a Biosphere Reserve under UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere Program (1977), and a Wetland of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention (1980), and subsequently has been inscribed on the World Heritage List (1980). However, this area is actually threatened by three dams which can retain up to 75 % of the inflow freshwater. According to this situation, fundamental modifications of different components of the INP were recognized. The modification of the hydrological parameters and the response of waterbird community to dam building have been specifically assessed in the present paper. Across 2001–2004, the salinity of the lake ranged from an average of 21 g l−1 in winter to 37 g l−1 in summer with an annual average of 27 g l−1. This latest value was more than two times that recorded before the dams were built. Thus, the densities of Potamogeton and Scirpus populations were dramatically decreased, reducing the available food of herbivorous waterbirds, notably ducks and coots. They were restricted each year to within the mouths of rivers and covered a small area in September before disappearing by the end of October and November. Concerning waterbird communities, a total of 71 species were counted. The commonest species that accounted for more than 54 % of the total abundance of the waterbird communities were : Common Coot (21 %), Common Pochard (16 %), Eurasian Wigeon (12 %) and Greater Flamingo (5 %). The most abundant trophic groups were herbivores (11 species and 75 % of the total abundance of waterbird communities), filterers (3 species and 5 %), vertebrate consumers (14 species and 3 %) and insectivores (26 species and 9 %). Subordinate ones were invertebrates-vertebrates consumers (8 species and 1 %), invertebratesherbivores (6 species and 5 %) and omnivores (3 species and 2 %). The total species richness varied significantly among months. It ranged from 39 to 41 species, between November and December, and the minimum from 12 to 14 species, during June and July. Species abundance also varied significantly between months with a peak during November and December of about 50 000 individuals. The lowest species abundance values were recorded in July and August with an abundance of about 1500 to 3000 individuals. The INP constitutes a very important area during the autumn migration and wintering periods and provides a habitat for a large range of groups of wintering waterbirds, notably herbivorous species. Thus, the competition for resources may be higher in winter than in summer. The total number of species is still decreasing from 93 species (1966-1985) and 90 species (1982-1994) to 71 species in 2001-2004. This variation is most likely dependent on the variation of the number of sporadic species visiting the site than due to the local conditions. The annual density of all waterbird communities decreased dramatically of about 40 % after the building of dams. This condition was mainly caused by the decreasing number of herbivores. Indeed, they presented the lowest peak abundance estimations obtained since the beginning of waterbird counts in the park. There were about 120 000 birds in 1963-1983, 90 000 birds in 1984-1992, 121 000 birds in 1993-1994, but 60 000 in the present assessment. We support the hypothesis that freshwater diversion and increasing salinity caused severe depletion of Potamogeton and Scirpus, and therefore, a worrying reality of the feeding condition for this trophic group. Furthermore, the intensive pressure of feeding exercised by the herbivorous species on wetland production has been identified as having a negative local effect on the Potamogeton population dynamics mainly when the productivity of the Ichkeul National Park was low. From those results, it is suggested that dams built upstream of the Ichkeul National Park caused significant changes to the abundance of waterbird communityDans le Parc National Ichkeul (PNI), entre septembre 2001 et août 2004, les résultats révèlent une richesse spécifique de 71 espèces et une densité annuelle moyenne de 8490 oiseaux/jour/an. Une concentration hivernale des oiseaux d'eau, notamment des herbivores, a été également notée. Bien que l'Ichkeul ait gardé ses potentialités de milieu important pour l'estivage des oiseaux à régime mixte, il se montre en régression pour ce qui concerne les espèces hivernantes-herbivores, de passage-herbivores et nidificatrices. En effet, la construction de trois barrages, les conditions climatiques contraignantes, la mauvaise gestion de l'écluse Tinja et le développement des terres agricoles au détriment des milieux naturels ont entraîné un doublement de la salinité, une diminution de la hauteur d'eau, une exondation des marais et une diminution de la productivité végétative (potamogéton et scirpe). Dès lors, nous avons constaté que la densité annuelle du peuplement des oiseaux a chuté d'environ 40 % en comparaison avec les données antérieures. Cette diminution concerne particulièrement les populations hivernantes et de passage avec des coefficients de variation de la densité respectifs de - 54,88 % et - 22,37 %. En revanche, le nombre total d'espèces fréquentant le PNI s'avère stable et les variations annuelles sont dues aux espèces sporadiques dont la présence ou l'absence sont probablement liées à des facteurs exogènes. En conclusion, des propositions d'aménagement concernant la lagune et les marais sont proposées pour la conservation de ce patrimoine

Cardiac insulin-like growth factor-1 and cyclins gene expression in canine models of ischemic or overpacing cardiomyopathy

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and cyclins are thought to play a role in myocardial hypertrophic response to insults. We investigated these signaling pathways in canine models of ischemic or overpacing-induced cardiomyopathy.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Echocardiographic recordings and myocardial sampling for measurements of gene expressions of IGF-1, its receptor (IGF-1R), TGFβ and of cyclins A, B, D1, D2, D3 and E, were obtained in 8 dogs with a healed myocardial infarction, 8 dogs after 7 weeks of overpacing and in 7 healthy control dogs.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Ischemic cardiomyopathy was characterized by moderate left ventricular systolic dysfunction and eccentric hypertrophy, with increased expressions of IGF-1, IGF-1R and cyclins B, D1, D3 and E. Tachycardiomyopathy was characterized by severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction and dilation with no identifiable hypertrophic response. In the latter model, only IGF-1 was overexpressed while IGF-1R, cyclins B, D1, D3 and E stayed unchanged as compared to controls. The expressions of TGFβ, cyclins A and D2 were comparable in the 3 groups. The expression of IGF-1R was correlated with the thickness of the interventricular septum, in systole and diastole, and to cyclins B, D1, D3 and E expression.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These results agree with the notion that IGF-1/IGF-1R and cyclins are involved in the hypertrophic response observed in cardiomyopathies.</p

Structures convectives dans les écoulements à surface libre

Notre travail vise à évaluer le rôle de phénomènes perturbateurs dans la dynamique d'un système fluide chauffé avec surface libre. La variation des seuils primaires de déclenchement de la convection a d'abord été calculée en fonction de la taille de la cellule, l'influence de la tension de surface et du transfert de chaleur sur ces seuils de déclenchement (et au-delà) a également été traité