Variación morfológica y distribución geográfica de Schizopetalon arcuatum Al-Shehbaz (Brassicaceae), una especie endémica y críptica de la Región de Atacama, Chile

La presente nota ofrece una revisión de la distribución geográfica y variación morfológica de Schizopetalon arcuatum, dado que ambas variables han generado confusión en la identificación de esta especie críptica. Se espera que la información presentada ayude a resolver este problema en relación a sus especies vecinas o cercanamente relacionadas

Comportamiento de los índices productivos de cuyes (Cavia porcellus) bajo tres niveles de cascarilla de cacao (Theobroma cacao)

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of cocoa husk (Theobroma cacao) in the feedingof guinea pigs in the fattening stage. This research was carried out in a cavícola plant located in Quindialó - Quisapincha.We used 160 male pigs of 8 weeks of age with a weight between 350-450 g, which were fed with four experimentaldiets: T1 with 0% inclusion of cocoa husk, T2 with 5% of cocoa husk, T3 with 10% cocoa husk and T4 with 15% cocoahusk. The variables evaluated were: daily weight gain, final weight gain (FWG) and feed conversion (FC). A randomizedblock design with four treatments and four repetitions was used, and the analysis of variance and Tukey test was performed at 5%, for the treatments that were statistically significant, with the statistical program SAS 2000. The studyshows that the values of initial weight (PI) presented a similar behavior (P = 0.8005), while for the final weight (FW) anddaily weight gain (DWG) the value for treatment 4 (T4) was significantly higher (p = 0.0001), with a value of 1189 g and16.10 g respectively, added to that the feed conversion (FC) in the same way was better in the treatment (T4) with a valueof 4, being significantly compared to the rest of the treatments. Demonstrating that the inclusion of cocoa husk at 15% indiets is efficient to obtain a better productive response in guinea pigs, without causing negative effects on the animals.El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de la inclusión de cascarilla de cacao (Theobroma cacao) en laalimentación en cuyes en la etapa de engorde, el ensayo se realizó en el plantel cavícola ubicado en Quindialó - Quisapincha. Se utilizaron 160 cuyes machos de 8 semanas de edad con un peso entre los 350-450 g, fueron alimentados concuatro dietas experimentales: T1 con el 0% de inclusión de cascarilla de cacao, T2 con el 5% de cascarilla de cacao, T3 con 10% de cascarilla de cacao y T4 con el 15% de cascarilla de cacao. Las variables evaluadas fueron: ganancia de pesodiaria (GPD), ganancia de peso final (GPF) y conversión alimenticia (CA). Se utilizó un diseño de bloques al azar concuatro tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones, además se efectuó el análisis de varianza y prueba de Tukey al 5%, para lostratamientos que resultaron estadísticamente significativos, con el programa estadístico SAS 2000. El estudio muestraque los valores de peso inicial (PI) presentaron un comportamiento semejante (P=0.8005), mientras que para el peso final(PF) y (GDP) el valor para el tratamiento 4 (T4) fue superior significativamente (p=0.0001), con un valor de 1189 g y16.10 g respectivamente, sumado a eso la conversión alimenticia de igual manera resultó mejor en el tratamiento (T4) conun valor de 4, siendo significativamente en comparación al resto de tratamientos. Demostrando así que la inclusión decascarilla de cacao al 15% en dietas resulta eficiente para obtener una mejor respuesta productiva en cuyes, sin ocasionarefectos negativos en los animales

Cutibacterium spp. Infections after Instrumented Spine Surgery Have a Good Prognosis Regardless of Rifampin Use: A Cross-Sectional Study

Infection after spinal instrumentation (IASI) by Cutibacterium spp. is being more frequently reported. The aim of this study was to analyse the incidence, risk factors, clinical characteristics, and outcome of a Cutibacterium spp. IASI (CG) compared with non-Cutibacterium IASI (NCG) infections, with an additional focus on the role of rifampin in the treatment. All patients from a multicentre, retrospective, observational study with a confirmed IASI between January 2010 and December 2016 were divided into two groups: (CG and NCG) IASI. Baseline, medical, surgical, infection treatment, and follow-up data were compared for both groups. In total, 411 patients were included: 27 CG and 384 NCG. The CG patients were significantly younger. They had a longer median time to diagnosis (23 vs. 13 days) (p = 0.025), although 55.6% debuted within the first month after surgery. Cutibacterium patients were more likely to have the implant removed (29.6% vs. 12.8%; p = 0.014) and received shorter antibiotic regimens (p = 0.014). In 33% of Cutibacterium cases, rifampin was added to the baseline therapy. None of the 27 infections resulted in treatment failure during follow-up regardless of rifampin use. Cutibacterium spp. is associated with a younger age and may cause both early and late IASIs. In our experience, the use of rifampin to improve the outcome in the treatment of a Cutibacterium spp. IASI is not relevant since, in our series, none of the cases had therapeutic failure regardless of the use of rifampin

Ophelimus migdanorum Molina-Mercader sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): Application of Integrative Taxonomy for Disentangling a Polyphenism Case in Eucalyptus globulus Labill Forest in Chile

In 2003, a new gall-inducing wasp of the genus Ophelimus was detected in the Valparaíso Region (Chile), affecting tree plantations of Eucalyptus globulus Labill and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. Since then Ophelimus has been frequently detected in different plantations in Chile, covering a widespread area. A preliminary collaborative study suggests that the micro-wasp detected should be classified as a new Ophelimus species. In this paper, using an integrative approach (including genetic, morphological, and behavioral data), we addressed the delimitation and description of this new species. This study involved the use of brood adult specimens, raised at the laboratory of MIPlagas Ltda., from infested twigs of E. globulus collected in several localities between of Valparaíso and Los Lagos Regions (Chile). Morphological structures were described according to current Eulophidae taxonomic keys, as well as additional traits, such as gall morphology and behavior. Genetic characterization was implemented using a phylogenetic approach, based on a 648 bp specific fragment of the mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I gene (COI 5 region) obtained from collected specimens and available databases (Genbank, NCBI, and BOLDSystem). Specifically, distinctive patterns of variation were detected in traits like gall and antennae morphology, growth habit trends, and a notorious polyphenism in the setae from the sub marginal vein. Overall evidence suggests that this new entity should be considered a new species in Ophelimus, which is henceforth named Ophelimus migdanorum Molina-Mercader

Phylogenetic relationships based on nuclear and plastid DNA sequences reveal recent diversification and discordant patterns of morphological evolution of the Chilean genera of Gilliesieae (Amaryllidaceae: Allioideae)

Gilliesieae are a South American tribe of Amaryllidaceae characterized by high floral diversity. Given different taxonomic interpretations and proposals for generic and specific relationships, a representative phylogenetic analysis is required to clarify the systematics of this group. The present study provides a framework for understanding phylogenetic relationships and contributing to the development of an appropriate taxonomic treatment of Gilliesieae. Molecular analyses, based on nuclear (ITS) and plastid DNA sequences (trnL-F and rbcL), resolve with strong support the monophyly of the tribe and the differentiation of two major clades. Clade I comprises the genera Gilliesia, Gethyum and Solaria and Clade II includes Miersia and Speea. These well-supported clades are mostly congruent with vegetative and karyotype characters rather than, e.g., floral symmetry. At the generic level, all molecular analyses reveal the paraphyly of Gilliesia and Miersia. Gethyum was found to be paraphyletic, resulting in the confirmation of Ancrumia as a distinct genus. Several instances of incongruent phylogenetic signals were found among data sets. The calibrated tree suggests a recent diversification of the tribe (Pliocene–Pleistocene), a contemporary process of speciation in which instances of hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting could explain patterns of paraphyly and incongruence of floral morphology

Cytotaxonomic study of the Chilean endemic complex Alstroemeria magnifica Herb. (Alstroemeriaceae)

<div><p>Abstract Alstroemeria L. (Alstroemeriaceae) represents one of the most diverse genera of vascular plants in Chile. It contains approximately 54 taxa, 40 of which are endemic. The “complex” Alstroemeria magnifica is endemic to Chile, and it comprises four varieties: A. magnifica var. magenta, A. magnifica var. magnifica, A. magnifica var. sierrae, and A. magnifica var. tofoensis. It is distributed from Coquimbo to the Valparaíso Region. We analyzed karyotypes of 10 populations along its natural distribution. All the populations presented an asymmetric karyotype, with 2n = 16 chromosomes but with three different karyotypic formulae. Alstroemeria magnifica var. magnifica and A. magnifica var. sierrae presented the same karyotypic fomula, and A. magnifica var. magenta, and A. magnifica var. tofoensis each had a different formula. The scatter plot among CVCL vs. MCA shows different groupings between populations of the four varieties. Based on the results, it is possible to consider raising Alstroemeria magnifica var. magenta to species level (A. magenta) and A. magnifica var. tofoensis to subspecies level (A. magnifica subsp. tofoensis); A. magnifica var. magnifica and A. magnifica var. sierrae should each remain as varieties. Nevertheless, these taxonomic changes should be considered tentative, as additional sources of evidence become available.</p></div

Circadian and Sex Differences After Acute High-Altitude Exposure: Are Early Acclimation Responses Improved by Blue Light?

Artículo de publicación ISIObjective.-The possible effects of blue light during acute hypoxia and the circadian rhythm on several physiological and cognitive parameters were studied. Methods.-Fifty-seven volunteers were randomly assigned to 2 groups: nocturnal (2200-0230 hours) or diurnal (0900-1330 hours) and exposed to acute hypoxia (4000 m simulated altitude) in a hypobaric chamber. The participants were illuminated by blue LEDs or common artificial light on 2 different days. During each session, arterial oxygen saturation (Spo(2)), blood pressure, heart rate variability, and cognitive parameters were measured at sea level, after reaching the simulated altitude of 4000 m, and after 3 hours at this altitude. Results.-The circadian rhythm caused significant differences in blood pressure and heart rate variability. A 4% to 9% decrease in waking nocturnal Spo(2) under acute hypoxia was observed. Acute hypoxia also induced a significant reduction (4%-8%) in systolic pressure, slightly more marked (up to 13%) under blue lighting. Women had significantly increased systolic (4%) and diastolic (12%) pressures under acute hypoxia at night compared with daytime pressure; this was not observed in men. Some tendencies toward better cognitive performance (d2 attention test) were seen under blue illumination, although when considered together with physiological parameters and reaction time, there was no conclusive favorable effect of blue light on cognitive fatigue suppression after 3 hours of acute hypobaric hypoxia. Conclusions.-It remains to be seen whether longer exposure to blue light under hypobaric hypoxic conditions would induce favorable effects against fatigue.Spanish Agencia Espanola de Cooperacion Internacional y Desarrollo (AECID) A/025717/09 A/030280/10 Chilean FONDECYT 110016

Rururbano studies : theories and methods, regulation, environmental impact, tourism, heritage, market and services

El presente libro es el resultado de investigación de distintos proyectos en América Latina que se enlazan desde el Programa-Red Estudios del Rururbano en América Latina (ELER). Por este motivo, es necesario, antes de continuar con los antecedentes que llevan al ELER a pensar en una segunda publicación luego de su fundación en 2019, explicar qué entendemos por rururbano. Lo rururbano es una configuración territorial que puede ubicarse básicamente en tres órdenes: en los márgenes del campo y de la ciudad, en lo rural excentrado con modos de vida urbanos-urbanizados en el campo o, también, en los modos de vida rurales de la ciudad.Bogot