Brain electrical traits of logical validity

p. 1-13Neuroscience has studied deductive reasoning over the last 20 years under the assumption that deductive inferences are not only de jure but also de facto distinct from other forms of inference. The objective of this research is to verify if logically valid deductions leave any cerebral electrical trait that is distinct from the trait left by non-valid deductions. 23 subjects with an average age of 20.35 years were registered with MEG and placed into a two conditions paradigm (100 trials for each condition) which each presented the exact same relational complexity (same variables and content) but had distinct logical complexity. Both conditions show the same electromagnetic components (P3, N4) in the early temporal window (250–525 ms) and P6 in the late temporal window (500–775 ms). The significant activity in both valid and invalid conditions is found in sensors from medial prefrontal regions, probably corresponding to the ACC or to the medial prefrontal cortex. The amplitude and intensity of valid deductions is significantly lower in both temporal windows (p = 0.0003). The reaction time was 54.37% slower in the valid condition. Validity leaves a minimal but measurable hypoactive electrical trait in brain processing. The minor electrical demand is attributable to the recursive and automatable character of valid deductions, suggesting a physical indicator of computational deductive properties. It is hypothesized that all valid deductions are recursive and hypoactive.S

Variabilidad genética de bovinos Senepol en Colombia por marcadores moleculares

ABSTRACT: The Senepol beef cattle breed was introduced into Colombia through the use of artificial insemination and embryo transfer from a small nucleus of animals. Objective: to estimate the genetic variability of Senepol cattle in Colombia by heterologous microsatellites and to estimate gene and genotypic frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphic markers through calpastatin (CAST1), calpain (CALP316), and leptin (PB) genes. Methods: 412 blood samples from 28 herds were genotyped for population genetic structure with the STR: INRA32, BM2113, ETH10, BM1824, INRA037, ETH225, INRA064, SPS115, TGLA126, and TGLA122 microsatellite markers. Three SNPs of calpastatin, calpain, and leptin genes were used. Results: all microsatellites and SNP markers were polymorphic. The number of alleles ranged from 4 (BM1824) to 11 (INRA37), and the observed heterozygosity varied between 0.21 (INRA64) and 0.89 (BM2113). Combined probability of exclusion for the microsatellites was higher than 99.99%, indicating the usefulness of this set of markers for parentage testing in Senepol. Conclusions: despite being a small and closed population, this nucleus presents high genetic variability and low inbreeding.RESUMEN: El ganado Senepol fue introducido en Colombia mediante el uso de la inseminación artificial y transferencia de embriones de un pequeño núcleo de los animales. Objetivo: estimar la variabilidad genética del ganado Senepol de Colombia por medio de marcadores microsatélites y estimar las frecuencias alélicas y genotípicas de SNPs en los genes que codifican para la calpastatina (CAST1), calpaína (CALP316) y leptina (PB). Métodos: 412 muestras de sangre de animales pertenecientes a 28 fincas fueron analizados para los STRs: INRA32, BM2113, ETH10, BM1824, INRA037, ETH225, INRA064, SPS115, TGLA126 y TGLA122 y los tres SNPs. Resultados: los microsatélites y los SNPs fueron polimórficos. El número de alelos de los microsatélites variaron entre 4 (BM1824) y 11 (INRA37), la heterocigosidad observada varió entre 0.21 (INRA64) y 0.89 (BM2113). La probabilidad de exclusión para el total de microsatélites fue mayor que 99.99%, indicando que el conjunto de microsatélites pueden ser usados para pruebas de filiación. Conclusiones: a pesar de ser una población pequeña y cerrada, este núcleo presenta una alta variabilidad genética y baja consanguinidad

The contribution of local management to biodiversity conservation: An analysis of specific cases in the region of Madrid (Spain)

In line with the Urban Agenda for the EU, this article highlights the importance of local actions in the conservation of biodiversity, both through specific activities and by increasing the availability of information. As such, the policies and projects related to the conservation of biodiversity have been analyzed here at different levels and, in particular, the initiatives undertaken in the Madrid Region, Spain. Consequently, two cases are presented that demonstrate the role that local administrations can play in improving the biodiversity database, and hence, in the effective protection of areas of significant environmental value. First, we will examine the effects that creating an environmental inventory of vegetation, flora and landscape has had in Torrelodones. Second, among the more recent environmental policies implemented in the municipality of Madrid are those that resulted in the environmental recovery of the urban section of the Manzanares River. Both these actions demonstrate how local authorities can contribute to the conservation of biodiversity at relatively low expense and in line with EU guidelines. Notably, this occurred despite the fact that competences in environmental matters in Spain are not municipal. In this context, the paper reflects on the untapped potential of the General Urban Planning Plans (PGOU) in deep knowledge and sustainable and responsible management of municipal environmental values.This research was funded by Erasmus+ Project RailtoLand (Grant agreement: 2019-1-ES01-KA203-065554—Erasmus + Program of Europe Union)

Defective liver glycogen autophagy related to hyperinsulinemia in intrauterine growth-restricted newborn wistar rats

Maternal malnutrition plays a critical role in the developmental programming of later metabolic diseases susceptibility in the offspring, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Because the liver is the major organ that produces and supplies blood glucose, we aimed at defining the potential role of liver glycogen autophagy in the programming of glucose metabolism disturbances. To this end, newborns were obtained from pregnant Wistar rats fed ad libitum with a standard diet or 65% food-restricted during the last week of gestation. We found that newborns from undernourished mothers showed markedly high basal insulin levels whereas those of glucagon were decreased. This unbalance led to activation of the mTORC1 pathway and inhibition of hepatic autophagy compromising the adequate handling of glycogen in the very early hours of extrauterine life. Restoration of autophagy with rapamycin but not with glucagon, indicated no defect in autophagy machinery per se, but in signals triggered by glucagon. Taken together, these results support the notion that hyperinsulinemia is an important mechanism by which mobilization of liver glycogen by autophagy is defective in food-restricted animals. This early alteration in the hormonal control of liver glycogen autophagy may influence the risk of developing metabolic diseases later in life.This work was supported by MINECO (BFU2016-77931-R), CIBERdem (ISCIII, Spain) and MOIR-2 S2017-BMD-3684 (CAM

EL AGUA COMO RUTA DE TRANSMISION DE HELICOBACTER PYLORI

Helicobacter pylori is a Gram negative mo-bile bacillus. Its morphology is spiral and is considered  catalase,  oxidase  and  urease  positive. It is a bacterium of worldwide dis-tribution  whose  prevalence  varies  accor-ding to geographical distribution, ethnicity, race, socioeconomic factors, hygiene and sanitation.  There  are  several  distribution  routes  but  the  best  known  are  oral-oral,  gastro-oral and fecal-oral; it has also been described  that  the  bacteria  can  be  trans-mitted  through  food,  animals  and  water.  For  the  realization  of  the  following  review  article, a search was made in the databa-ses PubMed, PubMed Central and Science Direct using the terms Helicobacter pylori, water, detection methods, VBNC y cocoid form. Obtaining as a result that there is a high prevalence of this bacterium in deve-loping  countries  that  have  poor  sanitation  conditions,  so  that  water  becomes  one  of  the  channels  through  which  the  bacteria  travels, stays alive, arrives to the stomach of  the  human  being  and  colonizes  it.  H pylori  survives  in  water  thanks  to  several  mechanisms such as its change to coccoid form (VBNC), its ability to form biofilms and to associate with free-living amoebas. Due to its presence in a viable but not cultivable way, it is difficult to detect in water sam-ples,  so  it  is  necessary  to  use  molecular  methods  such  as  PCR,  FISH  and  LAMP,  however, these techniques must be impro-ved  in  order  to  detect  the  viability  of  the  cells to be 100% effective methods, which will benefit public healthHelicobacter   pylori   es   un   bacilo   móvil   Gram negativo cuya morfología es espiral. Se  considera  catalasa,  oxidasa  y  ureasa  positiva.  Es  una  bacteria  de  distribución  mundial cuya prevalencia varía de acuer-do  a  las  características  epidemiológicas  de  la  población.  Las  rutas  de  transmisión  descritas son: oral-oral, gastro-oral y fecal-oral;  aunque  también  se  ha  descrito  su  transmisión a través de alimentos, anima-les y agua. Para la realización del siguien-te artículo de revisión se ejecutó una bús-queda  en  las  bases  de  datos  PubMed  y  Science Direct utilizando los términos He-licobacter pylori, water, detection methods, VBNC y cocoid form. Obteniendo como re-sultado que  existe una alta prevalencia de esta bacteria en países en vía de desarro-llo que cuentan con condiciones deficien-tes de saneamiento, por lo que el agua se convierte en uno de los canales por el cual viaja la bacteria, se mantiene con vida, lle-ga al estómago del ser humano y lo colo-niza. H. pylori sobrevive en agua gracias a varios mecanismos como es su cambio a forma cocoide (VBNC), su capacidad para formar biofilms y de asociarse con amebas de vida libre. Debido a su presencia en for-ma  viable  pero  no  cultivable  es  difícil  de  detectar  en  las  muestras  de  agua,  por  lo  que es necesaria la utilización de métodos moleculares como PCR, FISH y LAMP, sin embargo, estas técnicas deben mejorarse para poder detectar la viabilidad de las cé-lulas  para  que  sean  métodos  100%  efec-tivos, lo cual beneficiará la salud públic

Papel del péptido insulinotrópico dependiente de glucosa en la programación nutricional del síndrome metabólico

Early nutritional restriction has been associated with increased incidence of metabolic syndrome-associated pathologies in adulthood. However, the underlying mechanisms that determine the development of these diseases are not yet fully known. In the present work, we explored the relevance of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) in the development of these pathologies in a model of Wistar rats. Two groups of dams were fed ad libitum (C) or food-restricted (U) during pregnancy and suckling. At that time, rats were refed a high-fat diet (HFD; CHF and UHF) for 22 weeks. Both male and female UHF rats showed an obese phenotype characterized by hyperphagia, visceral fat accumulation and adipocyte hypertrophy, which was more pronounced than in CHF rats. Oral glucose tolerance tests showed that female UHF rats experienced glucose intolerance, insulin hypersecretion and an exacerbated GIP secretion. Administration of the GIP receptor antagonist, (Pro3)GIP, to UHF female rats markedly reduced visceral fat mass and adipocyte hypertrophy, and these changes were accompanied by improvement of glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. In conclusion, the exacerbated production and secretion of GIP seems to represent the stimulus for insulin hypersecretion and insulin resistance shown by UHF female rats, suggesting that GIP may play a critical role in the development of metabolic disturbances related to nutritional rehabilitation.La restricción nutricional precoz ha sido asociada con una mayor incidencia de patologías relacionadas con el síndrome metabólico durante la edad adulta. Sin embargo, los mecanismos subyacentes que determinan el desarrollo de dichas patologías aún no se conocen en su totalidad. En el presente trabajo, se analizó el papel del péptido insulinotrópico dependiente de glucosa (GIP) en el desarrollo dichas patologías en un modelo de rata Wistar. Las ratas gestantes fueron alimentadas ad libitum (C) o sometidas a restricción nutricional (S) durante el embarazo y la lactancia, al final de la cual las crías fueron realimentadas con dieta grasa (CR, SR) durante 22 semanas. Tanto los machos como las hembras SR mostraron un fenotipo obesogénico caracterizado por hiperfagia, acumulación de grasa visceral e hipertrofia adipocitaria, de manera más pronunciada que la población CR. Los test de tolerancia oral a la glucosa mostraron que las hembras SR experimentaron intolerancia a la glucosa e hipersecreción de insulina y GIP. La administración del antagonista del receptor de GIP, (Pro3)GIP, a las hembras SR dio lugar a una significativa reducción del tejido adiposo y del tamaño adipocitario, junto a una mejora de la tolerancia a la glucosa y de la sensibilidad a la insulina. En conclusión, la exacerbada secreción de GIP parece representar el estímulo para la hipersecreción de insulina y el desarrollo de resistencia a la misma en las hembras SR, lo que sugiere que GIP jugaría un papel esencial en el desarrollo de alteraciones metabólicas asociadas a la rehabilitación nutricional

Memoria cultural del nordeste antioqueño

Presentación, 1. La identidad antioqueña y su tratamiento literario, 2. Modernización de la provincia de Antioquia e inmigración. Carlos Segismundo De Greiff, 3. El poema “Bárbara Jaramillo” del humorista liberal Manuel Uribe Velásquez, 4. Federico Velásquez Caballero: Exploración literaria del Nordeste (1860 - 1870), 5. “El machete” de Julio Posada Rodríguez: un cuento ilustrado y heterogéneo, 6. León Zafir: el rosal salvaje y el parterre citadino, 7. La herencia literaria hispánica en la obra de Tomás Carrasquilla: presencia de “La cueva de Montesinos” de Cervantes en Frutos de mi tierra, 8. Trayectoria de Tomás Carrasquilla en El Espectador (Medellín 1913-1915), 9. Francisco de Paula Rendón editado por Alpha, 10. Isabel Carrasquilla: ‘el estigma de la mancha de tinta’ en la literatura antioqueña de los siglos XIX y XX, 11. Aproximación a las músicas y los compositores del nordeste antioqueñ

Procesos de subjetivación del género: una experiencia desde la Investigación Basada en Artes

284 p. Libro ElectrónicoPrimera EdicionEste libro, resultado de investigación, fue elaborado en el marco del Convenio Ciencia y Tecnología No. 58 de 2022 suscrito entre el Instituto para la Investigación Educativa y el Desarrollo Pedagógico (IDEP) y la Universidad El Bosque, con el objeto de “Anuar esfuerzos para desarrollar la Investigación Arte, Género y Educación 2022”, en el marco de la Agenda de Investigaciones para la Transformación Pedagógica

Association of Candidate Gene Polymorphisms With Chronic Kidney Disease: Results of a Case-Control Analysis in the Nefrona Cohort

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major risk factor for end-stage renal disease, cardiovascular disease and premature death. Despite classical clinical risk factors for CKD and some genetic risk factors have been identified, the residual risk observed in prediction models is still high. Therefore, new risk factors need to be identified in order to better predict the risk of CKD in the population. Here, we analyzed the genetic association of 79 SNPs of proteins associated with mineral metabolism disturbances with CKD in a cohort that includes 2, 445 CKD cases and 559 controls. Genotyping was performed with matrix assisted laser desorption ionizationtime of flight mass spectrometry. We used logistic regression models considering different genetic inheritance models to assess the association of the SNPs with the prevalence of CKD, adjusting for known risk factors. Eight SNPs (rs1126616, rs35068180, rs2238135, rs1800247, rs385564, rs4236, rs2248359, and rs1564858) were associated with CKD even after adjusting by sex, age and race. A model containing five of these SNPs (rs1126616, rs35068180, rs1800247, rs4236, and rs2248359), diabetes and hypertension showed better performance than models considering only clinical risk factors, significantly increasing the area under the curve of the model without polymorphisms. Furthermore, one of the SNPs (the rs2248359) showed an interaction with hypertension, being the risk genotype affecting only hypertensive patients. We conclude that 5 SNPs related to proteins implicated in mineral metabolism disturbances (Osteopontin, osteocalcin, matrix gla protein, matrix metalloprotease 3 and 24 hydroxylase) are associated to an increased risk of suffering CKD

Development and Evaluation of an NTM-IGRA to Guide Pediatric Lymphadenitis Diagnosis

Background: Diagnosis of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections remains a challenge. In this study, we describe the evaluation of an immunological NTM-interferon (IFN)-γ release assay (IGRA) that we developed using glycopeptidolipids (GPLs) as NTM-specific antigens. Methods: We tested the NTM-IGRA in 99 samples from pediatric patients. Seventy-five were patients with lymphadenitis: 25 were NTM confirmed, 45 were of unknown etiology but compatible with mycobacterial infection and 5 had lymphadenitis caused by an etiologic agent other than NTM. The remaining 24 samples were from control individuals without lymphadenitis (latently infected with M.Tuberculosis, uninfected controls and active tuberculosis patients). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated overnight with GPLs. Detection of IFN-γ producing cells was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunospot assay. Results: NTM culture-confirmed lymphadenitis patient samples had a significantly higher response to GPLs than the patients with lymphadenitis of unknown etiology but compatible with mycobacterial infection (P < 0.001) and lymphadenitis not caused by NTM (P < 0.01). We analyzed the response against GPLs in samples from unknown etiology lymphadenitis but compatible with mycobacterial infection cases according to the tuberculin skin test (TST) response, and although not statistically significant, those with a TST ≥5 mm had a higher response to GPLs when compared with the TST <5 mm group. Conclusions: Stimulation with GPLs yielded promising results in detecting NTM infection in pediatric patients with lymphadenitis. Our results indicate that the test could be useful to guide the diagnosis of pediatric lymphadenitis. This new NTM-IGRA could improve the clinical handling of NTM-infected patients and avoid unnecessary misdiagnosis and treatments