The Role of Antibodies to <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> Merozoite Antigens in the Resistance of Young Infants to Febrile Malaria and Their Place as a Biomarker in the Detection of Malaria Transmission Hotspots

Over the last 15 years the malaria burden has globally declined, but not evenly across endemic areas. In areas with substantial decline, elimination became realistic. However, malaria elimination has to, in a cost-effective way, overcome problems such as increasing drug and insecticide resistance and the increasing heterogeneity in transmission as the transmission intensity declines. Vaccines are proven cost-effective tools in infectious disease control and substantial progress was made with the RTS, S vaccine. However, vaccine development is hampered by the lack of reliable immune correlates of protection. We have analysed antibody responses in relation to the incidence of febrile malaria in young children, with the specific objective of investigating their contribution to the apparent resistance of young infants to febrile malaria. We have also analysed the dynamics of antibodies in relation to previously established protective thresholds. We found that the antibody responses to 6 different falciparum antigens were not associated with protection against febrile malaria in young children and that their levels were consistently below the protective thresholds. Furthermore, we found that antibody titres were often actually associated with increasing risk of febrile malaria. A likely explanation is that the antibodies were markers of exposure and hence associated with higher risk. We therefore analysed geo-spatial data on malaria risk to identify hotspots of clinical malaria and their association with hotspots of serological responses to malaria antigens. We found that 1) antibody responses correlated well with asymptomatic parasitaemia detected by polymerase chain reaction, and 2) there was substantial overlapping between the hotspots detected using these markers. Our data suggest that other mechanisms are responsible for the apparent resistance of infants to febrile malaria. Moreover, our data suggest that serology or polymerase chain reaction results may be used as markers for the detection of hotspots when the transmission declines to very low levels

Manajemen Pengembangan Sumberdaya Manusia Pada Islamic Boarding School Di Indonesia

Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Manajemen Pengembangan tenaga pendidikan dan kependidikan Boarding School MTs dan SMA Al Qur’an Wahdah Islamiyah Kendari. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif deskriptif. Sumber data penelitian ini terdiri dari pengurus yayasan, kepala MTs dan SMA serta Guru dan pembina Boarding School MTs dan SMA Al Qur’an Wahdah Islamiyah Kendari sebagai informan. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan instrumen wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data menggunakan 4 tahapan yaitu: 1) Pengumpulan data, 2) Reduksi data, 3) Penyajian data, dan 4) Penarikan kesimpulan serta verifikasi data. Pengujian keabsahan data yang diperoleh dilakukan pemeriksaan keabsahan dengan triangulasi: sumber, teknik dan waktu pengumpulan data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengembangan pendidik dan tenaga kependidikan pada MTs dan SMA Al Qur’an Wahdah Islamiyah Kendari dimulai dari kegiatan perencanaan, prengorganisasian pegawai, pengembangan dan pengawasan tenaga pendidik dan kependidikan. &nbsp; Kata Kunci:&nbsp;&nbsp; Manajemen, Pengembangan, Boarding Schoo

APPLICATION OF A PROBLEM BASED LEARNING (PBL) LEARNING MODEL ORIENTED BY LOCAL WISDOM TO THE CRITICAL THINKING ABILITY OF CLASS V PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

The aim of this research is to describe the application of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) learning model oriented to local wisdom on students' critical thinking abilities. This type of research is Classroom Action Research (PTK). The subjects of this research were class V students of SDK Sta. Maria Assumpta, numbering 31 students. Data collection techniques use written tests and observation. This research instrument uses story questions, worksheets, interviews, questionnaires and observations. The data analysis used is quantitative descriptive analysis. The results of the research show that the use of the Problem Based Learning learning model can improve critical thinking skills and learning outcomes in solving post-test questions after following lessons in the Pancasil and Citizenship Education class V SDK Sta. Maria Assumpta. This can be proven by the increase in students' critical thinking abilities from the initial condition with an average (pre-cycle) of 57.58 to 53.87 and in the second cycle it increased significantly with a value of 82.96. In this condition, there was also progress in increasing students who achieved the success criteria, increasing from 25.80% pre-action, 32.26% in cycle I and 92.59 in cycle II

Characterization and Identification of Some Medically Important Bacterial Isolates

The study aimed to isolate and identify the bacterial isolate and determine the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of E coli, Klebsiella, Bacillus isolated from human patient. The sensitivity of E coli Klebsiella pneumoniae , Bacillus cereus were tested under different antibiotics like chloramphenicol, amoxcilin, vancomycine, tetracycline, penicillin, kanamycine, ciprofloxacin .E coli showed sensitive towards chloramphenicol and resistance to other antibiotics. Klebsiella pneumoniae also found to be resistance towards chloramphenicol and tetracycline and sensitive to others. Bacillus was intermediate to ciprofloxacine and amoxicillin and resistance to vancomycine cholaramphenicol and kanamycine.The goals of testing are to detect the possible drugs resistance in common pathogen to assist in treatment of particular infectio

PELAKSANAAN PENGADAAN TANAH DAN PEMBERIAN GANTI RUGI DALAM PEMBANGUNAN JALAN TOL JOGJA-SOLO DI KAPANEWON KALASAN KABUPATEN SLEMAN

This thesis is entitled "IMPLEMENTATION OF LAND PROCUREMENT AND. PROVIDING COMPENSATION IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE JOGJA-SOLO TOLL ROAD IN KAPANEWON KALASAN SLEMAN DISTRICT "Implementation of land use savings for land acquisition for the Jogja-Solo toll road. Law Number 2 of 2012 concerning Land Acquisition for Development in the Public Interest is a law that discusses how land acquisition activities that will later be used for the public interest must be carried out. Often it causes problems that are detrimental to society. The purpose of this writing is to find out what forms of compensation are given, especially in Kalasan District. This legal research is empirical legal research, namely legal research where the author goes directly into the field to interview residents affected by the construction of the Jogja-Solo toll road. The conclusion of this article is that the implementation of land acquisition carried out by the government is largely in accordance with applicable laws and regulations, only what is permitted in Temanggal II Village is still not fulfilled. In terms of compensation, most people agree with the form and amount of compensation received

Ayurvedic management of Vipadika - A Case Report

Vipadika, categorized as a type of Kshudra Kustha in Ayurveda, presents as a chronic dermatological condition primarily affecting the palms and soles, characterized by symptoms such as Pani-Pada Sphutana (fissures), Teevra Vedana (severe pain), Manda Kandu (itching), and Saraga Pidika (red patches). Vipadika can be correlated to Palmoplantar psoriasis, which is a prevalent chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by erythematous plaques affecting the palms and soles significantly impairing daily function and quality of life. Ayurvedic management of Vipadika emphasizes Shamana Oushadhis aimed at pacifying aggravated Doshas, alleviating manifestations of Vipadika. Integral to this approach are Nidana Parivarjana and Pathya Ahara-Vihara Sevana to prevent recurrence. In the present case, a male patient with complaints of dryness, itching, cracking, scaling, and hyperpigmentation of skin of bilateral feet and bleeding from cracks for the last 6 months came to Kayachikitsa OPD and was diagnosed and treated as Vipadika with the Shamana Oushadhis. The patient's condition demonstrated a substantial improvement, with a marked reduction in symptoms evident within 21 days, suggesting effective management of Vipadika through Ayurveda

KEHIDUPAN BERAGAMA GOLONGAN RESI DI SITUS GUNUNG KAWI TAMPAK SIRING

Penelitian ini membahas tentang kehidupan beragama golongan resi pada masa lampau, sekitar akhir abad ke-10 hingga akhir abad ke-12, di Situs Gunung Kawi, berdasarkan peninggalan purbakala dan didukung oleh sumber-sumber tertulis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk merekonstruksi kehidupan beragama golongan resi pada masa lampau di Situs Gunung Kawi melalui peninggalan budaya material yang mereka tinggalkan. Selain itu, penelitian semacam ini belum pernah dilakukan sebelumnya, sehingga berguna untuk menambah khazanah penelitian di Situs Gunung Kawi. Penelitian ini dil-akukan berdasarkan langkah-langkah kerja dalam penelitian arkeologi. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa Situs Gunung Kawi adalah sebuah Mandala (kadewaguruan) atau tempat suci bagi para pertapa/resi, sedangkan fungsi religi dari pahatan-pahatan candi di Situs Gunung Kawi adalah sebagai yantra atau sarana meditasi dalam praktik yoga Tantra. Makna simbolis pahatan-pahatan candi di Situs Gunung Kawi berlipat ganda. Di satu sisi melambangkan gagasan Mahameru-amerta, dan di sisi lain merupakan metafora untuk jalan Tantra Kundalini, dan melambangkan kesatuan dualisme Siwa dan Sakti sebagai tujuan akhir dari jalan Tantra. Praktik keagamaan di Situs Gunung Kawi pada masa lalu mencapai kalepasan sebagai pembebasan terakhir

Determination of the environmental zoning and the implementation of geographic Information systems -SIG- according to the technical guide for the formulation of the Plans of Management and Management of Hydrographic Basins (POMCAS). Case study: Hydrographic basin of the Aburrá river in the department of Antioquia

El trabajo hace una implementación de la metodología establecida para la formulación de los planes de ordenación y manejo de cuencas hidrográficas (POMCAS), el cual permite establecer las zonas en donde se deben ejercer determinadas medidas ambientales para minimizar el impacto de la humanidad sobre la cuenca en materia de aprovechamiento del suelo, coberturas naturales y de recurso hídrico, además implementa en su proceso los sistemas geográficos para generar la georreferenciación exacta de la información en el territorio de estudio. Se determina espacialmente la combinación de las temáticas durante los 5 pasos propuestos para llegar a un resultado de áreas con una clasificación determinante de acuerdo a los componentes evaluados.The work makes an implementation of the established methodology for the formulation of the watershed management and management plans (POMCAS), which allows establishing the zones where certain environmental measures must be exercised to minimize the impact of humanity on the basin in terms of land use, natural coverage and water resources, it also implements the geographic systems in its process to generate the exact georeferencing of the information in the study territory. The combination of the themes is determined spatially during the 5 steps proposed to arrive at a result of areas with a determining classification according to the components evaluated

Análise espacial e estatística dos movimentos de massa deflagrados pelas chuvas dos dias 11 e 12 de janeiro de 2011 na região serrana do estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, 2013.Nos dias 11 e 12 de janeiro de 2011, chuvas extremas provocaram milhares de movimentos de massa na Região Serrana do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (RSRJ) no sudeste do Brasil, causando danos catastróficos à infraestrutura, milhares de afetados e centenas de vítimas mortais. A avaliação global dos movimentos de massa é essencial para a reconstrução pós-desastre e será útil para a mitigação do risco no futuro. Esta pesquisa apresenta o mapeamento em uma área de 1.217,7 km2 de 7.268 movimentos de massa que afetaram aproximadamente de 19,63 km2 (1,6% da área de estudo), que equivalem a uma concentração de 6 movimentos de massa por quilômetro quadrado e que deslocaram aproximadamente 97 milhões de metros cúbicos de material. Os movimentos de massa foram identificados mediante a técnica de interpretação visual de imagens de satélite de alta resolução pós-evento disponíveis na plataforma Google Earth®. A distribuição espacial dos movimentos de massa foi estudada estatisticamente utilizando análise de frequência e a concentração de movimentos de massa por unidade de área (LC). A análise espacial mostra que altitudes entre 750 m e 1.225 m, e declividades entre 15° e 37° são mais susceptíveis aos movimentos de massa. Além disso, as linhas de drenagens foram responsáveis pelo menos por 20% dos movimentos de massa e por 26% da área afetada. A análise estatística mostra que o tamanho mais frequente dos movimentos de massa em termos de área e volume está em torno de 62,7m2 para a área, e 29,4m3 para o volume. A distribuição de frequências e probabilidade do tamanho apresenta uma distribuição fortemente assimétrica à direita e se assemelha na forma à Distribuição Gamma Inversa de Três Parâmetros (DGITP) proposta por Malamud et al. (2004), porém, não conserva seus mesmos parâmetros. Além, 95% dos maiores movimentos de massa satisfazem consistentemente uma lei potencial com parâmetro β=1,54. Este valor difere dos encontrados na literatura. O ajuste assemelha-se com os reportados na literatura para os movimentos de massa acima do decil sete (área dos movimentos de massa, AL>2.000m2 ) com parâmetro potencial β=2,34. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTOn 11th and 12th January 2011, extreme rainfall caused thousands of landslides in the Mountainous Region of Rio de Janeiro State´s in southeastern Brazil, causing catastrophic infrastructure damage, thousands of people affected and hundreds of deaths. The overall assessment of mass movements is essential for post-disaster reconstruction and should be helpful for future risk mitigation. This research presents the 7.268 landslides mapping above 1217,7 km2 , that affected approximately 19,63 km2 (1,6% of the study area), which is equivalent to landslide concentration of 6 landslide/km2 and displaced around 97 millions of cubic meters of material. Landslides were identified by the technique of visual interpretation of post-event high resolution satellite images available in Google Earth® platform. The spatial distribution of landslides was performed using statistical frequency analysis and the landslides concentration per unit area (LC). The spatial analysis shows that elevation between 750 m and 1.225 m and slopes gradients between 15° and 37° are more susceptible to landslides. In addition, drainage network have been responsible for at least 20% of the landslides and for 26% of the affected landslide area. Statistical analysis shows that the more frequent landslide size in terms of area and volume is approximately 62,7m2 to the area, and 29,4 m3 to volume. The frequency-size distribution and probability-size distribution of landslides shows a strongly right asymmetry and resembles in form as to the Three-Parameter Inverse-Gamma Distribution (DGITP) proposed by Malamud et al. (2004), however, does not preserve its same parameters. In addition, 95% of larger sizes of landslides satisfy consistently a power law whit exponent β = 1,54. This value differs from the values reported in the literature. The fit is similar whit the fit reported in the literature for landslide above the seven decile (landslide area, AL> 2000m2) with potential exponent β = 2,34