Analisis Dampak Fluktuasi Harga Bbm terhadap USAha Penangkapan Ikan dengan Kapal Motor (Kasus : Kecamatan Sarudik Kabupaten Tapanuli Tengah)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbedaan lama hari melaut, jarak daerah penangkapan ikan, jumlah penggunaan solar, dan jumlah biaya operasional per trip penangkapan ikan sebelum dan sesudah Perubahan harga solar yang terjadi selama periode fluktuasi harga (18 November 2014, 1 Januari 2015, dan 19 Januari 2015). Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis uji beda dengan model Dependent Sample T-test (Paired Sample T-test) dan analisis deskriptif. Sampel kapal motor ditentukan sebanyak 30 sampel dengan metode Purposive Sampling dan dibagi atas tiga strata berdasarkan kriteria ukuran tonnage kapal. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan yang nyata lama hari melaut dan jumlah penggunaan solar per trip sebelum dan sesudah kenaikan harga solar pada tanggal 18 November 2014. Terdapat perbedaan yang nyata jarak daerah penangkapan dan jumlah biaya operasional per trip sebelum dan sesudah kenaikan harga solar pada tanggal 18 November 2014. Terdapat perbedaan yang nyata lama hari melaut per trip, jarak daerah penangkapan per trip, jumlah penggunaan solar per trip, dan jumlah biaya operasional per trip sebelum dan sesudah penurunan harga solar pada tanggal 1 Januari 2015. Terdapat perbedaan yang nyata lama hari melaut per trip, jarak daerah penangkapan per trip, jumlah penggunaan solar per trip, dan jumlah biaya operasional per trip sebelum dan sesudah penurunan harga solar pada tanggal 19 Januari 2015. Masalah yang dihadapi nelayan akibat fluktuasi harga BBM adalah pada saat terjadi kenaikan harga solar modal yang harus dikeluarkan nelayan untuk penangkapan ikan per trip semakin tinggi, adanya ketidakpastian pendapatan karena tidak adanya kestabilan dan perlindungan harga BBM. Upaya yang dilakukan nelayan untuk mengatasi masalah akibat fluktuasi harga BBM adalah nelayan pemilik meminjam bantuan modal, nelayan menjual ikan pada tempat pelelangan ikan dengan harga jual yang lebih tinggi atau langsung ke pasar ikan, dan nelayan meminta perlindungan harga BBM khususnya solar kepada lembaga pemerintahan di tingkat lokal

Understanding the role of performance targets in transport policy

The measurement of performance in the public sector has become increasingly important in recent years and it is now commonplace for transport organisations, and local and national governments, to publish performance goals for service supply and quality. Such commitments, when time referenced, are known as targets. This paper explain how changes in management style, consumer rights legislation, contractual obligations and other factors have combined to make management-by targets increasingly common in the public sector. The advantages and disadvantages of management-by-targets are illustrated through discussion of the processes and experience of setting transport targets in UK national transport policy. We conclude that while some of the targets have had a significant impact on policy makers, managers and their agents, the effects have not always been as intended

Analisis Kelayakan Finansial USAhatani Kepiting (Scilla Serrata) Studi Kasus : Desa Pantai Cermin Kiri, Kecamatan Pantai Cermin, Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai

Tujuan Penelitian adalah untuk menganalisis biaya produksi kepiting di daerah penelitian, untuk menganalisis pendapatan USAhatani kepiting di daerah penelitian, serta untuk menganalisis tingkat kelayakan USAhatani kepiting di daerah penelitian. Lokasi penelitian ditentukan secara purposive berdasarkan pertimbangan bahwa daerah yang diteliti merupakan salah satu sentra produksi kepiting yang cukup potensial di Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Pengambilan sampel petani menggunakan Metode Sensus, dengan besar populasi 30 orang. Untuk menganalisis biaya produksi kepiting di daerah penelitian digunakan metode analisis deskriptif. Untuk menganalisis tingkat kelayakan USAhatani kepiting di daerah penelitian digunakan metode analisis kelayakan finansial. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan biaya produksi didiminasi oleh biaya benih sebesar Rp. 30.034.391,- per Ha dan total biaya USAhatani kepiting sebesar Rp. 33.813.147,- per Ha dalam satu periode. Produktivitas tenaga kerja sebesar 19,0730 Kg/HKO dan produktivitas lahan sebesar 429,6849 kg/ha. Tingkat pendapatan dalam satu periode yang diterima dari USAhatani kepiting sebesar Rp. 13.704.425,- per Ha. Usahatani kepiting di daerah penelitian adalah USAha yang menguntungkan, dan secara finansial layak untuk diusahakan dan dikembangkan ditinjau dari kriteria kelayakan finansial (R/C) sebesar 1,4079

Exploring young people's and youth workers' experiences of spaces for ‘youth development’: creating cultures of participation

The paper focuses on the emergence of ‘positive youth development’ and its impact on older, more established practices of working with young people, such as youth work. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in England between 2004 and 2006, in particular young people's and youth workers' accounts of participating in youth work, the analysis engages with the social spaces in which youth work takes place and asks key questions about why young people might participate in youth spaces, what they get out of participating and how such spaces can promote cultures of participation. The analysis shows that such spaces provide young people and their communities with biographical continuity and time becomes a key component for sustaining such spaces. The argument is made for a more nuanced understanding of what young people get out of their participation in youth spaces, and for an epistemological approach to youth praxis that embraces the messiness and inequalities of lived experience

A comprehensive evaluation of colonic mucosal isolates of Sutterella wadsworthensis from inflammatory bowel disease

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Effects of Preterm Birth on Cortical Thickness Measured in Adolescence

Despite the extensive research into brain development after preterm birth, few studies have investigated its long-term effects on cortical thickness. The Stockholm Neonatal Project included infants between 1988 and 1993 with birth weight (BW) ≤1500 g. Using a previously published method, cortical thickness was estimated on T1-weighted 3D anatomical images acquired from 74 ex-preterm and 69 term-born adolescents (mean age 14.92 years). The cortex was significantly thinner in ex-preterm individuals in focal regions of the temporal and parietal cortices as indicated by voxel-wise t-tests. In addition, large regions around the central sulcus and temporal lobe as well as parts of the frontal and occipital lobes tended also to be thinner in the ex-preterm group. Although these results were not significant on voxel-wise tests, the spatially coherent arrangement of the thinning in ex-preterm individuals made it notable. When the group of ex-preterm individuals was divided by gestational age or BW, the thinning tended to be more pronounced in the anterior and posterior poles in those born nearer term or with a BW closer to 1500 g. These results support the notion that preterm birth is a risk factor for long-term development of cortical thickness

The microaerophilic microbiota of de-novo paediatric inflammatory bowel disease: the BISCUIT study

<p>Introduction: Children presenting for the first time with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) offer a unique opportunity to study aetiological agents before the confounders of treatment. Microaerophilic bacteria can exploit the ecological niche of the intestinal epithelium; Helicobacter and Campylobacter are previously implicated in IBD pathogenesis. We set out to study these and other microaerophilic bacteria in de-novo paediatric IBD.</p> <p>Patients and Methods: 100 children undergoing colonoscopy were recruited including 44 treatment naïve de-novo IBD patients and 42 with normal colons. Colonic biopsies were subjected to microaerophilic culture with Gram-negative isolates then identified by sequencing. Biopsies were also PCR screened for the specific microaerophilic bacterial groups: Helicobacteraceae, Campylobacteraceae and Sutterella wadsworthensis.</p> <p>Results: 129 Gram-negative microaerophilic bacterial isolates were identified from 10 genera. The most frequently cultured was S. wadsworthensis (32 distinct isolates). Unusual Campylobacter were isolated from 8 subjects (including 3 C. concisus, 1 C. curvus, 1 C. lari, 1 C. rectus, 3 C. showae). No Helicobacter were cultured. When comparing IBD vs. normal colon control by PCR the prevalence figures were not significantly different (Helicobacter 11% vs. 12%, p = 1.00; Campylobacter 75% vs. 76%, p = 1.00; S. wadsworthensis 82% vs. 71%, p = 0.312).</p> <p>Conclusions: This study offers a comprehensive overview of the microaerophilic microbiota of the paediatric colon including at IBD onset. Campylobacter appear to be surprisingly common, are not more strongly associated with IBD and can be isolated from around 8% of paediatric colonic biopsies. S. wadsworthensis appears to be a common commensal. Helicobacter species are relatively rare in the paediatric colon.</p&gt

Time for curriculum reform: the case of mathematics

Mathematics education is rarely out of the policy spotlight in England. Over the last ten years, considerable attention has been given to improving 14-19 mathematics curriculum pathways. In this paper we consider some of the challenges of enacting curriculum change by drawing upon evidence from our evaluation of the Mathematics Pathways Project. From 2004-10 this project, which was directed by England’s Qualifications and Curriculum Authority, aimed to improve the engagement, attainment and participation rates of 14-19 year old learners of mathematics. Our particular focus is upon the temporal problems of piloting new curriculum and assessment and we draw on Lemke’s discussion of time-scales, heterochrony and the adiabatic principle to consider the interlocking and interference of various change processes

Hepatic Transcriptome Analysis of Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Chimpanzees Defines Unique Gene Expression Patterns Associated with Viral Clearance

Hepatitis C virus infection leads to a high rate of chronicity. Mechanisms of viral clearance and persistence are still poorly understood. In this study, hepatic gene expression analysis was performed to identify any molecular signature associated with the outcome of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in chimpanzees. Acutely HCV-infected chimpanzees with self-limited infection or progression to chronicity were studied. Interferon stimulated genes were induced irrespective of the outcome of infection. Early induction of a set of genes associated with cell proliferation and immune activation was associated with subsequent viral clearance. Specifically, two of the genes: interleukin binding factor 3 (ILF3) and cytotoxic granule-associated RNA binding protein (TIA1), associated with robust T-cell response, were highly induced early in chimpanzees with self-limited infection. Up-regulation of genes associated with CD8+ T cell response was evident only during the clearance phase of the acute self-limited infection. The induction of these genes may represent an initial response of cellular injury and proliferation that successfully translates to a “danger signal” leading to induction of adaptive immunity to control viral infection. This primary difference in hepatic gene expression between self-limited and chronic infections supports the concept that successful activation of HCV-specific T-cell response is critical in clearance of acute HCV infection