A Bayesian Approach for Estimating the Thinning Corrosion Rate of Steel Heat Exchanger in Hydrodesulfurization Plants

Fuel consumption has been increasing in recent years, especially that of diesel and jet fuel. For this reason, the necessity to build new plants to reduce their sulfur content has arisen. Sometimes, just revamping existing plants is feasible, but determining which pieces of equipment are in the appropriate condition to be reused is also necessary. In order to select the equipment, it is essential to have information about the wall thickness of vessels. Sometimes, the information is limited; consequently, the application of advanced statistical techniques is needed. ,e Bayesian Data Analysis (BDA) used in this study has the goal of determining a more accurate, unobserved thinning rate distribution for existing heat exchangers, taking into consideration all the information available about the thinning rate of the heat exchangers that cool down the effluent of the hydrotreating reactors in Mexican oil refineries. ,e information obtained from BDA was compared with existing shell wall thickness obtaining favorable results

Synthesis of Pt-Mo/WMCNTs Nanostructures Reduced by the Green Chemical Route and Its Electrocatalytic Activity in the ORR

Platinum (Pt) and molybdenum (Mo) nanoparticles were supported on multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by a green chemical route. Different relations of Pt:Mo (10:0, 8:2, 5:5, 2:8, and 0:10, respectively) in weight percent were compared to their electrocatalytic activity in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in an acid medium. The morphologies and the structure were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The rotary disc electrode (RDE) and linear voltammetry (LV) techniques were employed to observe the electron transfer and mass transport phenomena. The surface activation of the samples was conducted by cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique According to the TEM analysis. The TEM analysis, shows that Mo and Pt nanoparticles have a good dispersion on the tubular carbon support, with sizes between 3.94 and 10.97 nm. All Pt-containing ratios had exhibited a first-order transfer in the ORR without inhibition of the reaction. Molybdenum is a reducing agent (oxyphilic metal) that benefits the adsorption of oxygenated species. The Pt:Mo 8:2 wt.% ratio presents the maximum benefits in the kinetic parameters. The Mo10/MWCNTs nanostructure inhibits the ORR due to the strong bonds it presents with oxygen. Molybdenum at low concentrations with platinum is conducive to oxygen molecule adsorption-desorption by increasing the ORR’s electroactivity

Do ecosystem insecurity and social vulnerability lead to failure of water security?

Achieving water security for humans and ecosystems is a pervasive challenge globally. Extensive areas of the Americas are at significant risk of water insecurity, resulting from global-change processes coupled with regional and local impacts. Drought, flooding, and water quality challenges pose significant threats, while at the same time, rapid urban expansion, competing water demands, river modifications, and expanding global markets for water-intensive agricultural products drive water insecurity. This paper takes a social-ecological systems perspective, aiming to identify examples and pathways towards resilient ecosystems and social development. It draws on lessons from two science-policy network projects, one focusing on water scarcity in arid and semi-arid regions of Argentina, Chile, Brazil, Peru, Mexico and the United States; and the second addressing river and lake basins as sentinels of climate variability and human effects on water quantity and quality in Canada, the United States, Argentina, Colombia, Uruguay and Chile. Together, these ?complementary contrasts? provide an analytical basis to empirically examine stakeholder engagement, knowledge co-production and science-policy interaction supporting decision-making to achieve water security. The paper identifies four tenets for decision-making based on water-security-focused global-change science in the Americas: 1) Decision makers should focus on protecting ecosystems because water security (along with food and energy security) depend on them; 2) Water-use and allocation decisions ought to be made considering future environmental and societal vulnerabilities, especially climate projections; 3) Holistic approaches (at basin or other appropriate levels) are best suited to ensure social-ecological system resilience and reduce vulnerability; and 4) It is essential to support local/traditional livelihoods, and underserved populations to achieve equitable water security and ecosystem resilience.Fil: Scott, Christopher A.. University of Arizona; Estados UnidosFil: Zilio, Mariana Ines. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Harmon, Thomas Christopher. University of California; Estados UnidosFil: Zuniga Teran, Adriana. University of Arizona; Estados UnidosFil: Díaz Caravantes, Rolando. El Colegio de Sonora; MéxicoFil: Hoyos, Natalia. Universidad del Norte; ColombiaFil: Perillo, Gerardo Miguel E.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Meza, Andrés Francisco. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; ChileFil: Varady, Robert G.. University of Arizona; Estados UnidosFil: Neto, Alfredo Ribeiro. Universidade Federal da Bahia; BrasilFil: Velez, Maria Isabel. University Of Regina; CanadáFil: Martin, Facundo Damian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Ciencias Humanas, Sociales y Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Escobar, Jaime. Universidad del Norte; ColombiaFil: Piccolo, Maria Cintia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Mussetta, Paula Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Ciencias Humanas, Sociales y Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Montenegro, Suzana. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; BrasilFil: Rusak, James A.. Ontario Ministry Of The Environment; CanadáFil: Pineda, Nicolas. El Colegio de Sonora; Méxic

Comparative Indoor and Outdoor Degradation of Organic Photovoltaic Cells via Inter-laboratory Collaboration

We report on the degradation of organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells in both indoor and outdoor environments. Eight different research groups contributed state of the art OPV cells to be studied at Pomona College. Power conversion efficiency and fill factor were determined from IV curves collected at regular intervals over six to eight months. Similarly prepared devices were measured indoors, outdoors, and after dark storage. Device architectures are compared. Cells kept indoors performed better than outdoors due to the lack of temperature and humidity extremes. Encapsulated cells performed better due to the minimal oxidation. Some devices showed steady aging but many failed catastrophically due to corrosion of electrodes not active device layers. Degradation of cells kept in dark storage was minimal over periods up to one year

Solution-Processed Transition Metal Oxides for Organic Solar Cells

Las celdas solares orgánicas se han convertido en una promesa para la producción de energía a bajo costo, y su potencial se refleja en los enormes esfuerzos para mejorar su eficiencia. En los últimos 30 años, esta tecnología ha crecido enormemente, con prototipos de laboratorio mostrando eficiencia mayor que 10 % . El continuo desarrollo de polímeros semiconductores, materiales de amortiguamiento, y el conocimiento profundo sobre el intercambio electrónico en las interfaces, han sido las principales razones de este crecimiento. Sin embargo, la mejora de esta tecnología a estados de producción de bajo coste como tecnologías de impresión R2R es el objetivo, y el desarrollo de materiales de procesamiento de baja temperatura es el reto a superar. En este trabajo, se ha explorado en profundidad la aplicación de los óxidos de metales de transición como capas tampón electrónicos como TiO2 , ZnO como capas de transporte de electrones , y V2O5 , NiO como capas de transporte de huecos. También muestra el desarrollo de una tinta base agua con procesamiento a baja temperatura de V2O5 para aplicaciones R2R, así como la aplicación de película de NiO sinterizado a baja temperatura (350oC) y la caracterización mediante diferentes técnicas espectroscópicas. Además se muestran los estudios de estabilidad a largo plazo, como en interiores y al aire libre, la realización de estudios de degradación de los diferentes dispositivos desarrollados.Organic Solar Cells (OSCs) have emerged as a promise for low cost energy production, and its potential is reflected in the huge efforts to improve their efficiencies. In the last 30 years, this technology has grown enormously; nowadays the state of the art is showing efficiencies higher than 10%. The continuous development of semiconducting polymers, buffer materials, and the depth knowledge about the electronic exchange at the interfaces, have been the principal reasons of this growing. Nevertheless, upgrading this technology to low cost production states like roll to roll printing technologies is the goal, and the development of low temperature processing materials is the challenge to overcome. In this work, it has explored in depth the application of Transition Metal Oxides (TMOs) as electronic buffer layers like TiO2, ZnO as electron transport layers, and V2O5, NiO as hole transport layers. Also shows the development of a water base low temperature solution-processed V2O5 ink for R2R applications, as well as the application of NiO film sintered at low temperature (350oC) and the characterization by distinct techniques. As well, the long-term stability studies, like indoor and outdoor; carrying out degradation studies for the different architecture devices tested

Solution-Processed Transition Metal Oxides for Organic Solar Cells

Las celdas solares orgánicas se han convertido en una promesa para la producción de energía a bajo costo, y su potencial se refleja en los enormes esfuerzos para mejorar su eficiencia. En los últimos 30 años, esta tecnología ha crecido enormemente, con prototipos de laboratorio mostrando eficiencia mayor que 10 % . El continuo desarrollo de polímeros semiconductores, materiales de amortiguamiento, y el conocimiento profundo sobre el intercambio electrónico en las interfaces, han sido las principales razones de este crecimiento. Sin embargo, la mejora de esta tecnología a estados de producción de bajo coste como tecnologías de impresión R2R es el objetivo, y el desarrollo de materiales de procesamiento de baja temperatura es el reto a superar. En este trabajo, se ha explorado en profundidad la aplicación de los óxidos de metales de transición como capas tampón electrónicos como TiO2 , ZnO como capas de transporte de electrones , y V2O5 , NiO como capas de transporte de huecos. También muestra el desarrollo de una tinta base agua con procesamiento a baja temperatura de V2O5 para aplicaciones R2R, así como la aplicación de película de NiO sinterizado a baja temperatura (350oC) y la caracterización mediante diferentes técnicas espectroscópicas. Además se muestran los estudios de estabilidad a largo plazo, como en interiores y al aire libre, la realización de estudios de degradación de los diferentes dispositivos desarrollados.Organic Solar Cells (OSCs) have emerged as a promise for low cost energy production, and its potential is reflected in the huge efforts to improve their efficiencies. In the last 30 years, this technology has grown enormously; nowadays the state of the art is showing efficiencies higher than 10%. The continuous development of semiconducting polymers, buffer materials, and the depth knowledge about the electronic exchange at the interfaces, have been the principal reasons of this growing. Nevertheless, upgrading this technology to low cost production states like roll to roll printing technologies is the goal, and the development of low temperature processing materials is the challenge to overcome. In this work, it has explored in depth the application of Transition Metal Oxides (TMOs) as electronic buffer layers like TiO2, ZnO as electron transport layers, and V2O5, NiO as hole transport layers. Also shows the development of a water base low temperature solution-processed V2O5 ink for R2R applications, as well as the application of NiO film sintered at low temperature (350oC) and the characterization by distinct techniques. As well, the long-term stability studies, like indoor and outdoor; carrying out degradation studies for the different architecture devices tested