25 research outputs found
A nonlinear updating algorithm captures suboptimal inference in the presence of signal-dependent noise
Bayesian models have advanced the idea that humans combine prior beliefs and sensory observations to optimize behavior. How the brain implements Bayes-optimal inference, however, remains poorly understood. Simple behavioral tasks suggest that the brain can flexibly represent probability distributions. An alternative view is that the brain relies on simple algorithms that can implement Bayes-optimal behavior only when the computational demands are low. To distinguish between these alternatives, we devised a task in which Bayes-optimal performance could not be matched by simple algorithms. We asked subjects to estimate and reproduce a time interval by combining prior information with one or two sequential measurements. In the domain of time, measurement noise increases with duration. This property takes the integration of multiple measurements beyond the reach of simple algorithms. We found that subjects were able to update their estimates using the second measurement but their performance was suboptimal, suggesting that they were unable to update full probability distributions. Instead, subjects’ behavior was consistent with an algorithm that predicts upcoming sensory signals, and applies a nonlinear function to errors in prediction to update estimates. These results indicate that the inference strategies employed by humans may deviate from Bayes-optimal integration when the computational demands are high
A922 Sequential measurement of 1 hour creatinine clearance (1-CRCL) in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)
Meeting abstrac
A single active catalytic site is sufficient to promote transport in P-glycoprotein
P-glycoprotein (Pgp) is an ABC transporter responsible for
the ATP-dependent efflux of chemotherapeutic compounds from
multidrug resistant cancer cells. Better understanding of the
molecular mechanism of Pgp-mediated transport could promote
rational drug design to circumvent multidrug resistance. By
measuring drug binding affinity and reactivity to a
conformation-sensitive antibody we show here that nucleotide
binding drives Pgp from a high to a low substrate-affinity
state and this switch coincides with the flip from the
inward- to the outward-facing conformation. Furthermore, the
outward-facing conformation survives ATP hydrolysis: the
post-hydrolytic complex is stabilized by vanadate, and the
slow recovery from this state requires two functional
catalytic sites. The catalytically inactive double Walker A
mutant is stabilized in a high substrate affinity inward-open
conformation, but mutants with one intact catalytic center
preserve their ability to hydrolyze ATP and to promote drug
transport, suggesting that the two catalytic sites are
randomly recruited for ATP hydrolysis
A common biological basis of obesity and nicotine addiction
J. Kaprio ja J. Tuomilehto työryhmien jäseniä (yht. 281).Peer reviewe
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Schmitt trigger using a self-healing ionic liquid gated transistor
Electrical double layer transistors using ionic liquids as the gate and ZnO as the semiconductor exhibit stable operation in the presence of redox active additives. The characteristics of the device enable single components with the response of a Schmitt trigger
Psychological adjustment, social responsiveness and parental distress in an Italian sample of siblings of children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder
The psychosocial adjustment of siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a relatively recent field of study, but results in literature are often inconsistent, and studies specifically focused on samples of siblings of children with high-functioning ASD are very few. This paper analyzes the level of social impairment (index of broader autism phenotype), the risk of internalizing and externalizing problems (index of psychological adjustment) and the parenting distress in an Italian sample of siblings of children with high-functioning ASD (n = 26). The presence of risk factors (birth order, sex and number of siblings in the family) and the role of the siblings’ age are also explored. The data were collected through self-report instruments
administered to parents. The results do not show higher average risk levels for psychosocial adjustment problems, even though a minority of the cases is at risk for social impairments (7.7 %), internalizing (23.1 %), externalizing (3.8 %) and total difficulties (11.5 %) and for distress in the parent–child system (15 %). Distress in the parent-sibling system seems to be modulated by the sibling’s features and to be higher when the sibling is older than the child with ASD. Additionally, a link between difficulties in psychological adjustment and broader autism phenotype is suggested