Protective clothing in the sun

Sun protecting clothing is clothing designed for sun protection and is producted from the fabric rated for its level ultraviolet (UV) protection. Some textiles and fabrics emloyed in the use of sun protective clothing may be pre-treated with UV inhibiting ingredients during manufacture to enhance their UV blocking capacitiy.Keywords: protective clothing, sun, UV protectio

Defining Agency and Its Scope (II)

Fiduciary law necessarily raises issues of delineation and demarcation, which this paper demonstrates through examples involving common-law agents. Serving as an agent, and thus as a fiduciary, does not necessarily mean that agency law prescribes all duties that the agent owes the principal. The agent may have rights external to the relationship that the agent may exercise, distinct from the duty of loyalty owed the principal. When an agent acts outside the bounds of an agency relationship, the principal’s consent is not requisite to conduct that would constitute disloyalty within the bounds of the agency relationship. The paper illustrates the significance of this point through a series of examples drawn from a range of contexts, including auctions of art objects. Prior scholarship neglects the implications of demarcations that define the scope of an agency relationship and of fiduciary relationships more generically. More generally or theoretically, the paper examines the qualities of fiduciary duty as a default rule, arguing that the relative “stickiness” of the default varies. Agency law contains two different kinds of altering rules—necessary and sufficient conditions to vary a default rule—consisting of agreements that define the scope of the agent’s representative role on behalf of the principal, and consent by the principal to actions by the agent within that scope that relieve the agent of liability for breach of fiduciary duty, which impose significantly different requisites. The basic distinction between agreement and consent has parallels elsewhere in agency law; for example, ratification, like consent, requires specificity because to be legally effective ratification requires that the principal know, as a matter of historical fact, what the agent has done. Agreement, on the other hand, requires less specificity, comparable to manifestations that confer actual authority on an agent which necessarily does not require that the principal foresee all actions that the agent may take that fall within the scope of the grant of authority. And ratification, like effective consent, is a matter of historical fact, not hypothesis. These implications follow because agency law, by positioning an agent as the principal’s representative for purposes of legally-salient interactions with third parties and facts about the world, frames the agent as an extension of the principal, not the principal’s substitute

A System Level Study of New Wake Turbulence Separation Concepts and Their Impact on Airport Capacity

The air transportation industry continues to grow worldwide, but demand is often limited by available airspace and airport capacity. This thesis focuses on evaluating new air traffic procedures: specifically, new and emerging wake turbulence separation rules that could potentially increase runway capacity based on today’s knowledge of wake vortex turbulence and technological capabilities. While legacy wake separation rules establish aircraft-classes based on weight of aircraft, these new separation rules can define separation standards by considering other aircraft parameters and dynamic wind conditions. A fast-time runway system model is developed for studying these wake separation rules, using Monte-Carlo simulations, to provide accurate and realistic runway capacity estimates based on the randomness of arrival and departure operations. A total of nine new proposed wake separation rules are analyzed in detail, which include both distance-based and time-based methods, as well as static and dynamic concepts. Seven of the busiest and most delayed U.S. airports are selected as case studies for the illustration of runway capacity benefits enabled by these new wake separation rules: Boston (BOS), New York J.F. Kennedy (JFK), New York LaGuardia (LGA), Newark (EWR), San Francisco (SFO), Los Angeles (LAX), and Chicago O’Hare (ORD). For a detailed capacity analysis, the new wake separation rules are tested under the most constraining runway configurations at each of these airports. The results indicate that increasing the number of aircraft wake categories can increase runway capacity, but the added benefits become smaller with each new category added. A five-or six-category wake separation system can capture most of the runway capacity that can be achieved with a static pair-wise system. Additionally, shifting wake category boundaries between airports as a function of local fleet mix can provide additional runway capacity benefits, meaning that airport specific wake separation rules can increase capacity over a universal separation rule system. Among the new wake separation rules, the results indicate that reducing wake separations further from current minimum separations (separation values of 2NM or less) can shift the operational bottleneck from the approach path to the runway, as runway occupancy time becomes the limiting factor for inter-arrival separations. The findings from the time-based separation rule demonstrate that switching from distance-based separations to time-based separations in strong headwind conditions can recover significant lost capacity. Time-based separation rules can be of great value 4 to increase operational reliability and capacity predictability at airports in all weather conditions. Moreover, the results also indicate that a reduction in minimum separations enabled by dynamic wind and aircraft information can offer marginal runway capacity benefits over the capacity enabled by static pair-wise wake separations, as more and more aircraft pairs become limited by runway occupancy time. Therefore, a joint effort is needed for reducing both wake separations and runway occupancy in order to accommodate future air traffic demand.This project was funded under the FAA NEXTOR II Center of Excellence

The Influence Of Runway Occupancy Time And Wake Vortex Separation Requirements On Runway Throughput

Air traffic growth in the U.S. has led to runway capacity constraints in the air transportation network. There has been limited new construction of runways due to land availability. One approach to increase capacity of existing runways is to reduce inter-arrival separations during the final approach phase of flight. This study evaluates two major elements influencing runway capacity; runway occupancy and wake vortex separation, and under what conditions each becomes a constraint to runway capacity. A detailed analysis of runway occupancy time measurements and wake vortex separation measurements is performed for Boston, Philadelphia, New York La Guardia, and Newark airports based on Airport Surface Detection Equipment Model-X (ASDE-X) aircraft surveillance data. The findings of this study indicate that runway occupancy does not necessary scale with aircraft size. Small aircraft often occupy the runway as long as large aircraft, which limits the potential for reduced separations behind small aircraft. The results also indicate that high-speed runway exits can make a significant difference in runway occupancy. Runways equipped with high-speed exits have lower runway occupancy times than runways equipped with standard 90-degree exits. Comparison of runway occupancy times in Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC) and Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC) suggest no significant difference between the two weather conditions. Wake vortex separation measurements show that aircraft pairs with small lead aircraft receive longer separation buffers than other aircraft pairs, and airports with more runways implement longer separation buffers. The comparison of landing time intervals and runway occupancy illustrates that wake vortex separation requirements limit runway capacity when heavy or Boeing 757 is the lead aircraft. Lastly, this study evaluates the runway capacity benefits of reduced wake separation requirements for the aircraft re-categorization (RECAT) program. The results estimate an 8.2-8.3% increase in runway capacity at Philadelphia and at Newark, a 7.8% increase at Boston, and a 5.1% increase at La Guardia. The magnitude of benefits strongly depends on how the local traffic mix looks like.This project was funded under the FAA NEXTOR II Center of Excellence

Type Iax SNe as a few-parameter family

We present direct spectroscopic modeling of five Type Iax supernovae (SNe) with the one dimensional Monte Carlo radiative transfer code TARDIS. The abundance tomography technique is used to map the chemical structure and physical properties of the SN atmosphere. Through via fitting of multiple spectral epochs with self-consistent ejecta models, we can then constrain the location of some elements within the ejecta. The synthetic spectra of the best-fit models are able to reproduce the flux continuum and the main absorption features in the whole sample. We find that the mass fractions of IGEs and IMEs show a decreasing trend toward the outer regions of the atmospheres using density profiles similar to those of deflagration models in the literature. Oxygen is the only element, which could be dominant at higher velocities. The stratified abundance structure contradicts the well-mixed chemical profiles predicted by pure deflagration models. Based on the derived densities and abundances, a template model atmosphere is created for the SN Iax class and compared to the observed spectra. Free parameters are the scaling of the density profile, the velocity shift of the abundance template, and the peak luminosity. The results of this test support the idea that all SNe Iax can be described by a similar internal structure, which argues for a common origin of this class of explosions.Comment: 21 pages, 7 tables, 16 figures, accepted by MNRA

Aphonie bei multipler Sklerose = Aphonia Multiple Sclerosis

This is a report on a female patient suffering from slowly progressive multiple sclerosis. Soon after onset of the disease, hoarseness became manifest and lasted for six years, climaxing in aphonia. Treatment with L-dopa medication was successful. The patient regained her voice

A Population-Based Study Comparing Child (0-4) and Adult (55-74) Mortality, GDP-Expenditure on-Health and Relative Poverty in the UK and Developed Countries 1989-2014. Some Challenging Outcomes

Purpose: To compare the UK Child (0-4) and Adult (55-74) Mortality with twenty developed countries 1989-2014 to explore whether the UK has lower priorities for children? Design: WHO data on Child and Adult mortality examined within context of World Bank %GDPExpenditure-on-Health (%GDPEH) data and Income Inequality i.e Relative poverty. Settings: 21 developed countries. Patients: National populations. Outcome Measures: Child and Adult mortality rates per million (pm) population between 1989-2014. Confi dence Intervals compares UK with other developed countries (ODC); odds ratios of average European to UK mortality calculated. Correlations explore links between mortalities, %GDPEH and Income Inequality. Important Results: Highest average 1980-2014 %GDPEH is USA 12.6%, the lowest UK 7.0%. European average 8.5% a UK to European odds ratio 1:1.21. Widest Income Inequality was USA 15.9 times, UK 13.8 was third, European average 8.5times. Child Mortality fell in every country but eleven signifi cantly better than Britain. Highest was USA 1383pm the UK fourth at 967pm. European average 728pm yielded a European to UK odds ratio of 1:1.33. Income Inequality and CRM signifi cantly correlated (RHO=+0.6188 p<0.001) and lowest Private: Public %GDP ratio and highest CMR (Rho=+0.3805 p<0.05). Adult Mortality fell substantially in every country but UK signifi cantly greater reductions than Seventeen counties. European average 9545pm to UK 10,754pm gave a European to UK odds ratio of 1:1.13. Conclusion: Implications; Britain’s results suggest a higher priority is given to adult health than children. The socio-economic context in which UK Child health operates appears to disadvantage UK children, indicating the need to address income inequalities and at least match European average health funding