A SPATIAL MODEL OF REGIONAL VARIATIONS IN EMPLOYMENT GROWTH IN APPALACHIA

In this study, a spatial equilibrium model of employment growth is developed and empirically estimated by Generalized Spatial Two-Stage Least Squares (GS2SLS) estimator using cross-sectional data from Appalachian counties for 1990-2000. Besides the existence of spatial spillover effects, the results suggest that agglomerative effects that arise from the demand and the supply side contribute to employment growth in the study area during the study period. The policy implications of the findings are: (1) Regional cooperation of counties and communities is advisable and may in fact be necessary to design effective policies to encourage employment growth; and (2) Policy makers at the county level may need to design policies that can attract people with high endowments of human capital and higher income into their respective counties.APPALACHIA, EMPLOYMENT GROWTH, SPATIAL MODEL

A Spatial Panel Simultaneous-Equations Model of Business Growth, Migration Behavior, Local Public Services and Household Income in Appalachia

In this paper we develop a spatial panel simultaneous-equations model of business growth, migration behavior, local public services and median household income in a partial lag-adjustment growth-equilibrium framework and utilizing a one-way error component model for the disturbances. This model is an extension of the jobs follow people or people follow jobs literature and it improved previous models in the growth-equilibrium tradition by: (1) explicitly modeling local government and regional income in the growth process; (2) explicitly modeling gross in-migration and gross out-migration separately in order to spell out the differential effects, which used to be glossed over under net population change in previous studies; (3) explicitly incorporating both spatially lagged dependent variables and spatially lagged error terms to account for spatial spillover effects in the data set; and (4) extending and generalizing the modeling and estimation of simultaneous systems of spatially interrelated cross sectional equations into a panel data setting. To estimate the model, we develop a five-step new estimation strategy by generalizing the Generalized Spatial Three-Stage Least Squares (GS3SLS) approach outlined in Kelejian and Prucha (2004) into a panel data setting. The empirical implementation of the model uses county-level data from the 418 Appalachian counties for 1980-2000. Generally, the results from these model estimations are consistent with the theoretical expectations and empirical findings in the equilibrium growth literature and provide support to the basic hypotheses of this study. First, the estimates show the existence of feedback simultaneities among the endogenous variables of the model. Second, the results also show the existence of conditional convergence with respect to the respective endogenous variable of each equation of the model and the speed of adjustment parameters are generally comparable to those in literature. Third, the results from the parameter estimation of the model indicate the existence of spatial autoregressive lag effects and spatial cross-regressive lag effects with respect to the endogenous variables of the model. One of the key conclusions is that sector specific policies should be integrated and harmonized in order to give the desirable outcome. Besides, regionally focusing resources for development policy may yield greater returns than treating all locations the same.Community/Rural/Urban Development,

Hydrologic Terrain Processing Using Parallel Computing

Abstract: Topography in the form of Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), is widely used to derive information for the modeling of hydrologic processes. Hydrologic terrain analysis augments the information content of digital elevation data by removing spurious pits, deriving a structured flow field, and calculating surfaces of hydrologic information derived from the flow field. The increasing availability of large terrain datasets with very small ground sample distance (GSD) poses a challenge for existing algorithms that process terrain data to extract this hydrologic information. This paper will describe a parallel algorithm that has been developed to enhance hydrologic terrain pre-processing so that larger datasets can be more efficiently computed. This paper describes a Message Passing Interface (MPI) parallel implementation for Pit Removal. This key functionality is used within the Terrain Analysis Using Digital Elevation Models (TauDEM) package to remove spurious elevation depressions that are an artifact of the raster representation of the terrain. The parallel algorithm works by decomposing the domain into stripes or tiles where each tile is processed by a separate processor. This method also reduces the memory requirements of each processor so that larger size grids can be processed. The parallel pit removal algorithm is adapted from the method of Planchon and Darboux that starts from a large elevation then iteratively scans the grid, lowering each grid cell to the maximum of the original elevation or the lowest neighbor. The MPI implementation reconcile

Dynamics of the Volterra-type integral and differentiation operators on generalized Fock spaces

[EN] Various dynamical properties of the differentiation and Volterra-type integral operators on generalized Fock spaces are studied. We show that the differentiation operator is always supercyclic on these spaces. We further characterize when it is hypercyclic, power bounded and uniformly mean ergodic. We prove that the operator satisfies the Ritt's resolvent condition if and only if it is power bounded and uniformly mean ergodic. Some similar results are obtained for the Volterra-type and Hardy integral operators.J. Bonet was partially supported by the research projects MTM2016-76647-P and GV Prometeo 2017/102 (Spain). M. Worku is supported by ISP project, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.Bonet Solves, JA.; Mengestie, T.; Worku, M. (2019). Dynamics of the Volterra-type integral and differentiation operators on generalized Fock spaces. Results in Mathematics. 74(4):1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00025-019-1123-7S115744Abanin, A.V., Tien, P.T.: Differentiation and integration operators on weighted Banach spaces of holomorphic functions. Math. Nachr. 290(8–9), 1144–1162 (2017)Atzmon, A., Brive, B.: Surjectivity and invariant subspaces of differential operators on weighted Bergman spaces of entire functions, Bergman spaces and related topics in complex analysis, Contemp. Math., vol. 404, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, pp. 27–39 (2006)Bayart, F., Matheron, E.: Dynamics of Linear Operators, Cambridge Tracts in Math, vol. 179. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge (2009)Bermúdez, T., Bonilla, A., Peris, A.: On hypercyclicity and supercyclicity criteria. Bull. Austral. Math. Soc. 70, 45–54 (2004)Beltrán, M.J.: Dynamics of differentiation and integration operators on weighted space of entire functions. Studia Math. 221, 35–60 (2014)Beltrán, M.J., Bonet, J., Fernández, C.: Classical operators on weighted Banach spaces of entire functions. Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 141, 4293–4303 (2013)Bès, J., Peris, A.: Hereditarily hypercyclic operators. J. Funct. Anal. 167, 94–112 (1999)Bonet, J.: Dynamics of the differentiation operator on weighted spaces of entire functions. Math. Z. 26, 649–657 (2009)Bonet, J.: The spectrum of Volterra operators on weighted Banach spaces of entire functions. Q. J. Math. 66, 799–807 (2015)Bonet, J., Bonilla, A.: Chaos of the differentiation operator on weighted Banach spaces of entire functions. Complex Anal. Oper. Theory 7, 33–42 (2013)Bonet, J., Taskinen, J.: A note about Volterra operators on weighted Banach spaces of entire functions. Math. Nachr. 288, 1216–1225 (2015)Constantin, O., Persson, A.-M.: The spectrum of Volterra-type integration operators on generalized Fock spaces. Bull. Lond. Math. Soc. 47, 958–963 (2015)Constantin, O., Peláez, J.-Á.: Integral operators, embedding theorems and a Littlewood–Paley formula on weighted Fock spaces. J. Geom. Anal. 26, 1109–1154 (2016)De La Rosa, M., Read, C.: A hypercyclic operator whose direct sum is not hypercyclic. J. Oper. Theory 61, 369–380 (2009)Dunford, N.: Spectral theory. I. Convergence to projections. Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 54, 185–217 (1943)Grosse-Erdmann, K.G., Peris Manguillot, A.: Linear Chaos. Springer, New York (2011)Harutyunyan, A., Lusky, W.: On the boundedness of the differentiation operator between weighted spaces of holomorphic functions. Studia Math. 184, 233–247 (2008)Krengel, U.: Ergodic Theorems. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin (1985)Lyubich, Yu.: Spectral localization, power boundedness and invariant subspaces under Ritt’s type condition. Studia Mathematica 143(2), 153–167 (1999)Mengestie, T.: A note on the differential operator on generalized Fock spaces. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 458(2), 937–948 (2018)Mengestie, T.: Spectral properties of Volterra-type integral operators on Fock–Sobolev spaces. J. Kor. Math. Soc. 54(6), 1801–1816 (2017)Mengestie, T.: On the spectrum of volterra-type integral operators on Fock–Sobolev spaces. Complex Anal. Oper. Theory 11(6), 1451–1461 (2017)Mengestie, T., Ueki, S.: Integral, differential and multiplication operators on weighted Fock spaces. Complex Anal. Oper. Theory 13, 935–95 (2019)Mengestie, T., Worku, M.: Isolated and essentially isolated Volterra-type integral operators on generalized Fock spaces. Integr. Transf. Spec. Funct. 30, 41–54 (2019)Nagy, B., Zemanek, J.A.: A resolvent condition implying power boundedness. Studia Math. 134, 143–151 (1999)Nevanlinna, O.: Convergence of iterations for linear equations. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. ETH Zürich, Birkhäuser, Basel (1993)Ritt, R.K.: A condition that $$\lim _{n\rightarrow \infty } n^{-1}T^n =0$$. Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 4, 898–899 (1953)Ueki, S.: Characterization for Fock-type space via higher order derivatives and its application. Complex Anal. Oper. Theory 8, 1475–1486 (2014)Yosida, K.: Functional Analysis. Springer, Berlin (1978)Yosida, K., Kakutani, S.: Operator-theoretical treatment of Marko’s process and mean ergodic theorem. Ann. Math. 42(1), 188–228 (1941

Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017:a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017. Findings In 2017,34.1 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 33.3-35.0) deaths and 121 billion (144-1.28) DALYs were attributable to GBD risk factors. Globally, 61.0% (59.6-62.4) of deaths and 48.3% (46.3-50.2) of DALYs were attributed to the GBD 2017 risk factors. When ranked by risk-attributable DALYs, high systolic blood pressure (SBP) was the leading risk factor, accounting for 10.4 million (9.39-11.5) deaths and 218 million (198-237) DALYs, followed by smoking (7.10 million [6.83-7.37] deaths and 182 million [173-193] DALYs), high fasting plasma glucose (6.53 million [5.23-8.23] deaths and 171 million [144-201] DALYs), high body-mass index (BMI; 4.72 million [2.99-6.70] deaths and 148 million [98.6-202] DALYs), and short gestation for birthweight (1.43 million [1.36-1.51] deaths and 139 million [131-147] DALYs). In total, risk-attributable DALYs declined by 4.9% (3.3-6.5) between 2007 and 2017. In the absence of demographic changes (ie, population growth and ageing), changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs would have led to a 23.5% decline in DALYs during that period. Conversely, in the absence of changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs, demographic changes would have led to an 18.6% increase in DALYs during that period. The ratios of observed risk exposure levels to exposure levels expected based on SDI (O/E ratios) increased globally for unsafe drinking water and household air pollution between 1990 and 2017. This result suggests that development is occurring more rapidly than are changes in the underlying risk structure in a population. Conversely, nearly universal declines in O/E ratios for smoking and alcohol use indicate that, for a given SDI, exposure to these risks is declining. In 2017, the leading Level 4 risk factor for age-standardised DALY rates was high SBP in four super-regions: central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia; north Africa and Middle East; south Asia; and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania. The leading risk factor in the high-income super-region was smoking, in Latin America and Caribbean was high BMI, and in sub-Saharan Africa was unsafe sex. O/E ratios for unsafe sex in sub-Saharan Africa were notably high, and those for alcohol use in north Africa and the Middle East were notably low. Interpretation By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning. Copyright (C) 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd

Burden of obesity in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study

Mokdad AH, El Bcheraoui C, Afshin A, et al. Burden of obesity in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH. 2018;63(Suppl. 1):165-176.We used the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2015 study results to explore the burden of high body mass index (BMI) in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR). We estimated the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children (2-19 years) and adults (20 years) in 1980 and 2015. The burden of disease related to high BMI was calculated using the GBD comparative risk assessment approach. The prevalence of obesity increased for adults from 15.1% (95% UI 13.4-16.9) in 1980 to 20.7% (95% UI 18.8-22.8) in 2015. It increased from 4.1% (95% UI 2.9-5.5) to 4.9% (95% UI 3.6-6.4) for the same period among children. In 2015, there were 417,115 deaths and 14,448,548 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to high BMI in EMR, which constitute about 10 and 6.3% of total deaths and DALYs, respectively, for all ages. This is the first study to estimate trends in obesity burden for the EMR from 1980 to 2015. We call for EMR countries to invest more resources in prevention and health promotion efforts to reduce this burden