Markov Chain Model and its Application Yearly Rainfall Data in Nagapattinam District

A stochastic model expresses a sequence of possible events in which the possible event of each event depends on the previous event and is called a Markov chain.  This paper has analyzed yearly rainfall in the Nagapattinam district and formulated three-state models. The first-order Markov chain to determine the long-term probability of rainfall in the following years and the steady-state. It can be used to make a forecast of the annual rainfall pattern. This model can give some information about rainfall to farmers and the government to plan strategies for high crop production in the Nagapattinam distric

Application of IPAD to missile design

The application of an integrated program for aerospace-vehicle design (IPAD) to the design of a tactical missile is examined. The feasibility of modifying a proposed IPAD system for aircraft design work for use in missile design is evaluated. The tasks, cost, and schedule for the modification are presented. The basic engineering design process is described, explaining how missile design is achieved through iteration of six logical problem solving functions throughout the system studies, preliminary design, and detailed design phases of a new product. Existing computer codes used in various engineering disciplines are evaluated for their applicability to IPAD in missile design

Métodos para evaluar interacciones entre cuerpos de agua en un humedal y aplicación en dos casos de estudio

La comprensión de la dinámica de ecosistemas dependientes del recurso hídrico subterráneo, como pueden llegar a serlo algunos humedales, parte del conocimiento del sistema hidrológico. Para alcanzar esta meta se aplica una serie de métodos y procedimientos de análisis que comprenden la caracterización hi-drogeológica, la delimitación del área de captura de agua hacia el humedal, el monitoreo piezométrico, la rea-lización de balances de masas. La modelación numérica, los análisis hidrogeoquímicos y los métodos isotópi-cos permiten refinar y validar los modelos conceptuales. En el marco del proyecto Hydrochemical and isotopic techniques for assessment hidrological proccesses on wetlands, promovido entre los años 2006 y 2011 por la Agencia Internacional de Energía Atómica (IAEA), Colombia y Argentina compartieron conoci-miento y experiencias para entender la dinámica de los humedales Ciénaga Colombia y La Salada. En este texto se resumen aspectos metodológicos y los resultados de los dos casos de estudio considerados.The Understanding of ecosystem dynamics, for example the wetlands, depends of the knowledge of the hydrologic system. Many techniques can be used in order to obtain a good conceptual mod-el of the wetlands and its catchment area: hydrogeology, numerical modeling, hydrogeochemestry, and iso-tope hydrology. researchers of Argentina and Colombia studied -According with the project: ―Hydrochemical and isotopic techniques for assessment hidrological proccesses on wetlands‖ (IAEA, 2006 to 2011)- two wet-lands hydrogeology dependent: La salada Pond and Cienaga Colombia Weltand. These projects used method-ologies similar and they obtained validated hydrological models

Modul pengembangan keprofesian berkelanjutan mata pelajaran ilmu pengetahuan alam (IPA) sekolah menengah pertama (SMP) : kelompok kompetensi j

Pusat Pengembangan dan Pemberdayaan Pendidik dan Tenaga Kependidikan(PPPPTK), Lembaga Pengembangan dan Pemberdayaan Pendidik dan Tenaga Kependidikan Kelautan Perikanan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi (LP3TK KPTK) dan Lembaga Pengembangan dan Pemberdayaan Kepala Sekolah(LP2KS) merupakan Unit Pelaksanana Teknis di lingkungan Direktorat Jenderal Guru dan Tenaga Kependidikan yang bertanggung jawab dalam mengembangkan perangkat dan melaksanakan peningkatankompetensi guru sesuai bidangnya. Adapun perangkat pembelajaran yang dikembangkan tersebut adalah modul Program Pengembangan Keprofesian Berkelanjutan bagi Guru modal tatap muka dan moda daring untuk semua mata pelajaran dan kelompok kompetensi. Dengan modul ini diharapkan program Pengembangan Keprofesian Berkelanjutan memberikan sumbangan yang sangat besar dalam peningkatan kualitas kompetensi guru

Alström Syndrome: Four Case Reports

A Síndrome de Alström (SA, MIM# 203800) é uma doença hereditária, de transmissão autossómica recessiva, descrita pela primeira vez em 1959, por Alström. O gene ALMS1, causador da doença, foi identificado em 2002 e localiza-se no cromossoma 2p13. É uma doença genética rara, com o envolvimento de múltiplos órgãos e de evolução progressiva. As principais características fenotípicas incluem: retinopatia pigmentar, surdez neurosensorial, miocardiopatia dilatada, obesidade, hiperinsulinismo e resistência à insulina. Recentemente, foram publicados critérios de diagnóstico, classificados em major e minor, contribuindo para um diagnóstico precoce da doença. Descrevem-se quatro casos, realçando-se as diferentes formas de apresentação clínica, a importância de um seguimento multidisciplinar e a possibilidade de se tratar provavelmente de uma doença sub-diagnosticada

Microhabitat temperatures and prevalence of the pathogenic fungus batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in lowland amazonian frogs

Until recently, it was assumed that the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) was not widely distributed in warm ecosystems such as lowland tropical rainforests because high environmental temperatures limit its growth. However, several studies have documented Bd infection in lowland rainforest amphibians over the past decade. In addition, a recent study focusing on museum-stored specimens showed that Bd has been present in the lowland Amazon for more than 80 years. These findings lent support to the idea that some lowland rainforest habitats offer suitable environmental conditions for Bd growth, even though most lowland areas may contain suboptimal conditions limiting the pathogen spread and growth. Here, we surveyed four sites in southeast Peru to examine the prevalence and the intensity of infection of Bd in lowland Amazonian amphibians and to fill a gap between two areas where Bd has been present for more than a decade. In one of these “hotspots” of Bd infection, the upper slopes of Manu National Park, several species experienced population declines attributed to Bd epizootics over the past 15 years. We also examined the thermal profile of the main microhabitats used by lowland Amazonian frogs to infer whether these microhabitats offer suitable thermal conditions for Bd growth. We detected Bd in nine lowland frog species and variation in prevalence of infection across years. Our findings suggest that the temperatures in the leaf litter and understory vegetation of some habitats offer suitable conditions for Bd growth