70 research outputs found
3D Agro-ecological Land Use Planning Using Surfer Tool for Sustainable Land Management in Sumani Watershed, West Sumatra Indonesia
Estimation of soil erosion 3D (E3D) provides basic information that can help manage agricultural areas sustainably, which has not been sufficiently conducted in Indonesia. Sumani watershed is main rice production area in West Sumatra which has experienced environmental problem such as soil erosion and production problem in recent years. 3D Agro-ecological land use planning based on soil erosion 3D hazard and economic feasibility analyses consist of production cost and prize data for each crop. Using a kriging method in Surfer tool program, have been developed data base from topographic map, Landsat TM image, climatic data and soil psychochemical properties. Using these data, the Universal Soil Loss Equation was used for spatial map of soil erosion 3D and proposed a 3D agro-ecological land use planning for sustainable land management in Sumani watershed. A 3D Agro-ecological land use planning was planned under which the land use type would not cause more than tolerable soil erosion (TER) and would be economically feasible. The study revealed that the annual average soil erosion from Sumani watershed was approximately 76.70 Mg ha-1yr-1 in 2011 where more than 100 Mg ha-1yr-1 was found on the cultivated sloping lands at agricultural field, which constitutes large portion of soil erosion in the watershed. Modification of land use with high CP values to one with lower CP values such as erosion control practices by reforestation, combination of mixed garden+beef+chicken (MBC), terrace (TBC) or contour cropping+beef+chicken (CBC) and sawah+buffalo+chicken (SBC) could reduce soil erosion rate by 83.2%, from 76.70 to 12.9 Mg ha-1 yr-1, with an increase in total profit from agricultural production of about 9.2% in whole Sumani watershed.Key words: CP-values, Erosion 3D, land use, Surfer Tool, USLE [How to Cite: Aflizar, AC Idowu, R Afrizal, Jamaluddin, E Syafri, Muzakir, Husnain and T Masunaga. 2013. 3D Agro-ecological Land Use Planning Using Surfer Tool for Sustainable Land Management in Sumani Watershed, West Sumatra Indonesia. J Trop Soils 18 (3): 241-254. Doi: 10.5400/jts.2013.18.3.241][Permalink/DOI: www.dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2013.18.3.241]REEFERENCESAflizar, A Roni and T Masunaga. 2013. 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J Hydrol 292: 1-22.Reeve RC. 1965. Particle-size Analysis. In: CA Black, DD Evans, JL White, Ensminger and FE Clark (eds). Methods of Soil Analysis Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, pp. 528-530. Sarainsong F, K Harashima, H Arifin, K Gandasasmita and K Sakamoto. 2007. Practical application of a land resources information system for agricultural landscape planning. Landscpe Urban Plan 79: 38-52.Schob A, J Schmidt and R Tenholtern. 2006. Derivation of site-related measures to minimize soil erosion on the watershed scale in the Saxonian loess belt using the model erosion 3D. Catena 68: 153-160.Shi ZH, CF Cai, SW Ding, TW Wang and TL Chow. 2004. Soil conservation planning at the small watershed level using RUSLE with GIS: a case study in the Three Gorge Area of China. Catena 55: 33-48.Soil Survey Staff. 1990. Keys to Soil Taxonomy. Washington, DC: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Available online ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/NSSC/Soil_Taxonomy/keys/1990_Keys_to_Soil_Taxonomy.pdf.Stevenson M and H Lee. 2001. Indicator of sustainability as a tool in agricultural development: portioning scientific and participatory processes. Int J Sustain Dev World Ecol 8: 57-56.Svoray T, P Bar and T Bannet. 2005. Urban land-use allocation in a Mediterranean ecotone: Habitat heterogeneity Model incorporated in a GIS using a multi-criteria mechanism. Landscape Urban Plan 72: 337-351.Takata Y, S Funukawa, J Yanai, A Mishima, K Akshalov, N Ishida and T Kosaki. 2008. Influence of crop rotation system on the spatial and temporal variation of the soil organic carbon budget in northern Kazakhstan. Soil Sci Plant Nutr, 54: 159-171.Wakatsuki T, Y Shinmura, E Otoo and GO Olaniyan. 1998. African-based paddy field system for the integrated watershed management of the small inland valley of West Africa. FAO Water Report no. 17. pp. 5-79.Wischmeier WH and DD Smith. 1978. Predicting rainfall erosion losses: a guide to conservation farming, USDA Handbook: No. 537 US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC pp 1-58.World Bank. 1989. World Bank Technical Paper Number 127. In: Doolette JB and WB Magrath (eds). Watershed Development in Asia. Strategies and Technologies Available online: http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1999/09/17/000178830_98101904135527/Rendered/INDEX/multi_page.txt.Zhang Y, H Yang, M Du, X Tang, H Zhang and B Peng. 2003. Soil erosion study on hillside in Southern Jiangsu province the cesium-137 tracer technique. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 49: 85-92
High heterotrophic CO2 emissions from a Malaysian oil palm plantations during dry-season
Background Tropical peatlands are currently being rapidly cleared and drained for the establishment of oil palm plantations, which threatens their globally significant carbon sequestration capacity. Large-scale land conversion of tropical peatlands is important in the context of greenhouse gas emission factors and sustainable land management. At present, quantification of carbon dioxide losses from tropical peatlands is limited by our understanding of the relative contribution of heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration to net peat surface CO2 emissions. Methods In this study we separated heterotrophic and autotrophic components of peat CO2 losses from two oil palm plantations (one established in ‘2000’ and the other in 1978, then replanted in ‘2006’) using chamber-based emissions sampling along a transect from the rooting to non-rooting zones on a peatland in Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia over the course of three months (June-August, 2014). Collar CO2 measurements were compared with soil temperature and moisture at site and also accompanied by depth profiles assessing peat C and bulk density. Results The soil respiration decreased exponentially with distance from the palm trunks with the sharpest decline found for the plantation with the younger palms. The mean heterotrophic flux was 1244.7 ± SE 149.2 mg m-2h-1 and 663.8 ± SE 102.2 mg m-2h-1 at the 2000 and 2006 plantations, respectively. Autotrophic emissions adjacent to the palm trunks were 944 ± SE 99.7 mg m-2h-1 and 1962 ± SE 246 mg m-2h-1 at the 2000 and 2006 plantations, respectively. Heterotrophic CO2 flux was positively related to peat soil moisture, but not temperature. Total peat C stocks were 60 kg m-2 (down to 1 m depth) and did not vary among plantations of different ages but SOC concentrations declined significantly with depth at both plantations but the decline was sharper in the second generation 2006 plantation. Conclusions The CO2 flux values reported in this study suggest a potential for very high carbon (C) loss from drained tropical peats during the dry season. This is particularly concerning given that more intense dry periods related to climate change are predicted for SE Asia. Taken together, this study highlights the need for careful management of tropical peatlands, and the vulnerability of their carbon storage capability under conditions of drainage
Correlates of preferences for home or hospital confinement in Pakistan: evidence from a national survey
An Agrobacterium mediated transformation system of guava (Psidium guajava L.) with endochitinase gene
Chloroplast localization of Cry1Ac and Cry2A protein- an alternative way of insect control in cotton
La introducción de genes cry1Ab en algodón (Gossypium hirsutum) mejora la resistencia contra las plagas de lepidópteros (Helicoverpa armigera)
The significant breakthrough in plant biotechnology is the development of techniques to transform genes from unrelated sources into commercially important crop plants to develop resistance against insect pests. A local cotton cultivar MNH-93 was transformed through Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58C1 assisted by bombardment with tungsten particles. The Agrobacterium strain contained the recombinant binary vector pKMAB harboring cry1Ab under 35S promoter. Neomycin phosphotransferase (nptII) gene was used as a selectable marker at a concentration of 50 mg L–1. The transformation efficiency remained 0.26%. The primary transformants were analyzed for transgene integration and expression through PCR and Southern Blotting and Western dot blot. The gene copy number was determined by Southern analysis in order to find out the cry1Ab integration sites. The Bt protein being produced in the transgenic plants was quantified using ImageQuant software, which ranged from 0.00 to 1.35% of the total protein. The positive plant seeds obtained from T0 progeny were further raised under greenhouse and field conditions to evaluate their field performance. Leaf biotoxicity assays were performed to determine the efficacy of introduced gene. The results showed that transgenic lines in T1 progeny have appreciable level of resistance (40-60%) against lepidopteran pests in both green house and field conditions.Un importante avance en biotecnología vegetal ha sido el desarrollo de técnicas para transformar genes provenientes de fuentes no relacionadas en cultivos de importancia comercial para desarrollar resistencia contra plagas de insectos. Se transformó el cultivar local de algodón MNH-93 por medio de la cepa C58C1 de Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediante bombardeo con partículas de tungsteno. La cepa de Agrobacterium contenía el vector binario recombinante pKMAB que albergaba cry1Ab bajo el promotor 35S. Se utilizó el gen neomicina fosfotransferasa (nptII) a una concentración de 50 mg L–1 como marcador genético. La eficiencia de transformación se mantuvo en un 0,26%. Los transformantes primarios se analizaron para la integración y expresión del gen mediante PCR, Southern blotting y Western dot blot. El número de copias del gen se determinó por Southern blot a fin de conocer los sitios de integración del cry1Ab. Se cuantificó la proteína Bt producida en las plantas transgénicas utilizando el software ImageQuant, que varió de 0,00 hasta 1,35% de las proteínas totales. Las semillas de plantas positivas obtenidas a partir de la progenie T0 se crecieron en condiciones de invernadero y de campo para evaluar su comportamiento en el campo. Se realizaron ensayos de biotoxicidad de la hoja para determinar la eficacia del gen introducido. Los resultados mostraron que las líneas transgénicas en la progenie T1 tienen un nivel apreciable de resistencia (40-60%) contra las plagas de lepidópteros, tanto en condiciones de invernadero como de campo
Introduction of cry1Ab gene into cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) enhances resistance against Lepidopteran pest (Helicoverpa armigera)
The significant breakthrough in plant biotechnology is the development of techniques to transform genes from unrelated
sources into commercially important crop plants to develop resistance against insect pests. A local cotton cultivar MNH-
93 was transformed through Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58C1 assisted by bombardment with tungsten particles.
The Agrobacterium strain contained the recombinant binary vector pKMAB harboring cry1Ab under 35S promoter.
Neomycin phosphotransferase (nptII) gene was used as a selectable marker at a concentration of 50 mg L�1. The
transformation efficiency remained 0.26%. The primary transformants were analyzed for transgene integration and expression
through PCR and Southern Blotting and Western dot blot. The gene copy number was determined by Southern analysis in
order to find out the cry1Ab integration sites. The Bt protein being produced in the transgenic plants was quantified using
ImageQuant software, which ranged from 0.00 to 1.35% of the total protein. The positive plant seeds obtained from T0
progeny were further raised under greenhouse and field conditions to evaluate their field performance. Leaf biotoxicity
assays were performed to determine the efficacy of introduced gene. The results showed that transgenic lines in T1 progeny
have appreciable level of resistance (40-60%) against lepidopteran pests in both green house and field conditions.Un importante avance en biotecnología vegetal ha sido el desarrollo de técnicas para transformar genes provenientes
de fuentes no relacionadas en cultivos de importancia comercial para desarrollar resistencia contra plagas de insectos.
Se transformó el cultivar local de algodón MNH-93 por medio de la cepa C58C1 de Agrobacterium tumefaciens
mediante bombardeo con partículas de tungsteno. La cepa de Agrobacterium contenía el vector binario recombinante
pKMAB que albergaba cry1Ab bajo el promotor 35S. Se utilizó el gen neomicina fosfotransferasa (nptII) a una concentración
de 50 mg L�1 como marcador genético. La eficiencia de transformación se mantuvo en un 0,26%. Los transformantes
primarios se analizaron para la integración y expresión del gen mediante PCR, Southern blotting y Western
dot blot. El número de copias del gen se determinó por Southern blot a fin de conocer los sitios de integración del
cry1Ab. Se cuantificó la proteína Bt producida en las plantas transgénicas utilizando el software ImageQuant, que varió
de 0,00 hasta 1,35% de las proteínas totales. Las semillas de plantas positivas obtenidas a partir de la progenie T0
se crecieron en condiciones de invernadero y de campo para evaluar su comportamiento en el campo. Se realizaron
ensayos de biotoxicidad de la hoja para determinar la eficacia del gen introducido. Los resultados mostraron que las
líneas transgénicas en la progenie T1 tienen un nivel apreciable de resistencia (40-60%) contra las plagas de lepidópteros,
tanto en condiciones de invernadero como de campo
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Development and Evaluation of the Cotton Leaf Curl Kokhran Virus-Burewala Bidirectional Promoter for Enhanced Cry1Ac Endotoxin Expression in Bt Transgenic Cotton
Fluctuation in Cry1Ac endotoxin levels expressed in transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) can result in a variation in efficacy throughout the growing season. Here, a green tissue-specific strong promoter of the cotton leaf curl Kokhran virus-Burewala (CLCuKoV-Bu) C1 gene is reported that can direct consistently high levels of Cry1Ac endotoxin expression in transformed cotton plants. The objective of this study was to investigate the capacities of the CLCuKoV-BuC1 promoter to drive transcription of Cry1Ac and stably express endotoxin in mature leaves and bolls of transgenic cotton plants, compared to the traditional CaMV35S promoter. The Cry1Ac gene expression cassettes were constructed under the control of a bidirectional promoter and transformed into cotton ‘MNK-786′. The expression of Cry1Ac constructs was evaluated in transient and stable expression systems using Nicotiana tabacum ‘Rustica’ and cotton plants, respectively. Accumulation of the Cry1Ac expressed in two resultant transgenic cotton plants harboring the constructs driven by the CLCuKoV-BuC1 and CaMV35S promoter, respectively, was analyzed using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In leaves and bolls of two cotton plants shown to express CLCuKoV-BuC1-Cry1Ac (CLCuV-Ac), the Cry1Ac protein accumulated at 400 and 300 ng g−1 per fresh tissue weight, respectively, whereas no toxin was detectable in the roots. In contrast, CaMV35S-Cry1Ac transgenic cotton plants accumulated three times less Cry1Ac protein than those transformed with CLCuV-Ac. Results indicate that the greatest amount of Cry1Ac endotoxin accumulated in transgenic cotton when expression was driven by the CLCuKoV-BuC1 compared to the CaMV35S promoter. Thus, the CLCuKoV-BuC1 promoter offered more robust transgene expression in cotton plants than the traditional CaMV35S promoter. The newly validated CLCuV-Ac promoter of begomoviral origin offers an exciting alternative as a robust promoter for genetic engineering of cotton and other plants. © 2022 by the authors.Open access journalThis item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]
Phytochrome B mRNA expression enhances biomass yield and physiology of cotton plants
A wide variety of physiological responses, including most light responses, also are modulated by photoreceptor gene such as PHYB. Phytochrome B (PHYB) expression patterns may be significant in the daily regulation of plant physiology and indicate an unexpectedly intimate relationship between the components of the input pathway. The present study shows successful transformation and mRNA expression in Phytochrome B transformed CIM 482 cotton plants. Transgenic cotton plants expressing Phytochrome B mRNA have showed more than two times increase in relative leaf growth rate (RLGR) and photosynthetic rate, more than one time increase in Root Weight Ratio (RWR), nearly half time increase in Stem Weight Ratio (SWR). Higher Relative leaf Growth Rate led to improved physiology of cotton plants, which have ultimate effects in fruit size and number. From this study we come to conclusion that Phytochrome B plants have showed significant increase in number of bolls but significant decrease in height as compared to control cotton plants.Key words: Phytochrome B, mRNA, cotton physiology
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