16 research outputs found
ΠΠΠΠ£ΠΠΠ€ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠ― Π‘ΠΠ‘Π’ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ― ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ― ΠΠΠΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ
A reagent kit EIA-DEOXYNIVALENOL for the determination of mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) in feeds and foods by a direct competitive enzyme immunoassay using microtitration plate has been developed and tested. The basic components of the kit are polyclonal antibodies to DON, obtained as a result of immunization of rabbits with a conjugate of DON with bovine serum albumin and a conjugate of horseradish peroxidase with DON. The evaluated parameters of the kit and metrological characteristics of the technique of measurements correspond to the modern level of immunoassay development and provide the determination of DON content of agricultural products in a range of 0.2 to 6.0 mg/kg with proper accuracy and precision. The limit of quantitative determination of DON in grain and cereal foods does not exceed 0.2 mg/kg.Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Β«ΠΠ€Π-ΠΠΠΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΒ» Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ»Π° (ΠΠΠ) Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Ρ
Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
, ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π² ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅. ΠΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡ Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π° ΠΊ ΠΠΠ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ³Π°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΠ Ρ Π±ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π°Π»ΡΠ±ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ³Π°Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π·Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ Ρ
ΡΠ΅Π½Π° Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ°Π±ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ Ρ Π½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΠΠ Π² Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡ 0,2 Π΄ΠΎ 6,0 ΠΌΠ³/ΠΊΠ³, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π» ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π² Π·Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ°Ρ
Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ 0,2 ΠΌΠ³/ΠΊΠ³
Changing climate both increases and decreases European river floods
Climate change has led to concerns about increasing river floods resulting from the greater water-holding capacity of a warmer atmosphere. These concerns are reinforced by evidence of increasing economic losses associated with flooding in many parts of the world, including Europe. Any changes in river floods would have lasting implications for the design of flood protection measures and flood risk zoning. However, existing studies have been unable to identify a consistent continental-scale climatic-change signal in flood discharge observations in Europe, because of the limited spatial coverage and number of hydrometric stations. Here we demonstrate clear regional patterns of both increases and decreases in observed river flood discharges in the past five decades in Europe, which are manifestations of a changing climate. Our resultsβarising from the most complete database of European flooding so farβsuggest that: increasing autumn and winter rainfall has resulted in increasing floods in northwestern Europe; decreasing precipitation and increasing evaporation have led to decreasing floods in medium and large catchments in southern Europe; and decreasing snow cover and snowmelt, resulting from warmer temperatures, have led to decreasing floods in eastern Europe. Regional flood discharge trends in Europe range from an increase of about 11 per cent per decade to a decrease of 23 per cent. Notwithstanding the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the observational record, the flood changes identified here are broadly consistent with climate model projections for the next century, suggesting that climate-driven changes are already happening and supporting calls for the consideration of climate change in flood risk management
ΠΠΎΠ²Ρ Π·Π°Π²Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π΄ΡΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΡ Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π³Ρ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΠΉ
Purpose. Search for the most urgent tasks, and how to use dynamic analysis and dynamic performance - as a way to diagnose and evaluate the technical condition of construction sites. Methodology. It is proposed to use the complex theoretical and experimental research and work: the use of software systems using the finite element method (FEM); compilation of systems of differential equations of linear and nonlinear oscillations of the static-dynamic models of buildings and their numerical solution methods; experimental methods for measuring vibration level, vibration measurement laboratory testing equipment. Findings. Until recently, the results of dynamic tests on the instructions of standards included in the list of works of special surveys. The existing regulations on the design and calculation of dynamic characteristics of structures not connected with diagnostics facilities. A complete sample survey or with difficult access to undiscovered sites and surface requires enormous effort and resources, measurement and instrument base, highly qualified personnel. In this connection, it should develop the capacity of such, for example, variants of non-destructive methods of control as vibrodynamic situ tests - which will allow for the values of the dynamic response (frequency and form, the oscillation amplitude) to determine possible damage (and even locate their location). This method is, firstly, a quantitative assessment and characterizes some quality of the technical state of the individual components and structures in general. On the basis of specific targets for inspection of industrial and other structures set up such options of dynamic passports: vibrotehnologic; vibroekologic; seismodynamic (including - in the problems of industrial, urban transport and seismic), and others. The authors developed effective methods of theoretical studies of linear and nonlinear vibrations of structures with different damping devices. Originality. The results and methods of use of an integrated approach to the diagnosis of structures - taking into account the non-linearities in the model (as well as the connected devices to reduce fluctuations) were obtained and used for the first time. Practical value. These methods allow you to perform diagnostics vibrodynamic construction projects, which is an alternative (conventional survey) method. This methodology is applied in a number of complex building projects.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ. ΠΠΎΠΈΡΠΊ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ β ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡ: ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² (ΠΠΠ); ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π±Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ; ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π±Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΠΎ Π½Π΅Π΄Π°Π²Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ² Π²Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ
ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Ρ Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π·Π°ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠΎΠΌ ΠΊ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠΌ ΡΠ·Π»Π°ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΡ
Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΠ» ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ², ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π°Π·Ρ, Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ°Π΄ΡΠΎΠ². Π ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ° Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ β ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² (ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ, Π°ΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΄Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π±Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ) ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ (ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅). ΠΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±, Π²ΠΎ-ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ
, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ° Π±Π°Π·Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²: Π²ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ; Π²ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ; ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ (Π² Ρ.Ρ. β Π² Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ, Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ) ΠΈ Π΄Ρ. ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π±Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°. ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ - Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π² ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΡ
(Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π±Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ) ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Ρ Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅. ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ (ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ) ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Π° Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ².ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΊ Π½Π°ΠΉΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π·Π°Π²Π΄Π°Π½Ρ Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ² Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠ² Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ - ΡΠΊ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π΄ΡΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±'ΡΠΊΡΡΠ². ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Ρ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡ: Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ² Π· Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΡ
Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ² (ΠΠΠ); ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ²Π½ΡΠ½Ρ Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΡ
Ρ Π½Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ; Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠΌΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ²Π½ΡΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Ρ, Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ½Π΅Π΄Π°Π²Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²ΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ² Π²Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡ ΡΠ· ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ. Π ΡΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ
ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΡΡΠ½Ρ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²'ΡΠ·Π°Π½Ρ Π· Π΄ΡΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π±ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ±ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π· ΡΡΡΡΠ΄Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡ
Π²ΡΠ·Π»ΡΠ² Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ½Ρ Π²ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π³Π°Ρ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π·Π½ΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΈΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΠ» Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ², Π²ΠΈΠΌΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π±Π°Π·ΠΈ, Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ°Π΄ΡΡΠ². Π£ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π·Π²'ΡΠ·ΠΊΡ Π²Π°ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄, Π²Π°ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ° Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ, ΡΠΊ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ½Ρ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΡΡΠ½Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ - ΡΠΊΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ
Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π²ΡΠ΄Π³ΡΠΊΡΠ² (ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈ, Π°ΠΌΠΏΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Ρ) Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ (Ρ Π½Π°Π²ΡΡΡ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΡ
Π½Ρ ΠΌΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ). Π¦Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ±, ΠΏΠΎ-ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅, Ρ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΎΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ
Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ² Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌΡ. ΠΠ° Π±Π°Π·Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π·Π°Π²Π΄Π°Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
Ρ ΡΠ½ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡ Π²Π°ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠ²: Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ; Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ; ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ (Ρ Ρ.Ρ. - Ρ Π·Π°Π²Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ, ΠΌΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΌΡΠΊΠΈ) Ρ ΡΠ½. ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΡ
Ρ Π½Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ ΡΠ· ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°. ΠΠ°Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π΄ΠΎ Π΄ΡΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ - Π· Π²ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π½Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΡ
(Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΆ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΄Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ²Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Ρ) ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΉ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅. ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½Π° Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΡΡΠ½Ρ Π΄ΡΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΡ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±'ΡΠΊΡΡΠ², ΡΠΎ Ρ Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΌ (Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ) ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ°Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ
Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±'ΡΠΊΡΡΠ²
A European Flood Database: facilitating comprehensive flood research beyond administrative boundaries
The current work addresses one of the key building blocks towards an improved understanding of
flood processes and associated changes in flood characteristics and regimes in Europe: the development of a
comprehensive, extensive European flood database. The presented work results from ongoing cross-border research
collaborations initiated with data collection and joint interpretation in mind. A detailed account of the
current state, characteristics and spatial and temporal coverage of the European Flood Database, is presented.
At this stage, the hydrological data collection is still growing and consists at this time of annual maximum
and daily mean discharge series, from over 7000 hydrometric stations of various data series lengths. Moreover,
the database currently comprises data from over 50 different data sources. The time series have been obtained
from different national and regional data sources in a collaborative effort of a joint European flood research
agreement based on the exchange of data, models and expertise, and from existing international data collections
and open source websites. These ongoing efforts are contributing to advancing the understanding of regional
flood processes beyond individual country boundaries and to a more coherent flood research in Europe