Pengaruh Biaya Kualitas terhadap Laba Bersih Perusahaan (Studi Kasus pada PT. Pindad (Persero)

This study aimed to get a picture of the quality costs incurred by the company, Net Income has been achieved and how much influence the cost of the quality of the Net Income that has been achieved by PT. PINDAD (Persero). In this study, there are two variables: the cost of quality (X) and the Corporate Net Income (Y). Quality costs consist of costs of prevention and appraisal costs. In this study the authors used an explanatory research methods, the research to explain the causal relationship between variables through hypothesis testing, so in this study collected data taken from company documents in the form of quantitative data. The design was correlational research design that aims to discover whether there is any relationship between variables and, if so, how close relationship as well as the means or not the relationship. The population in this study is the cost of quality and earnings quality issued by PT. PINDAD (Persero) in the Division of Wrought and Cast for a wide range of commercial and non-commercial products. The sampling technique used is the technique of Non-Probability Sampling through purposive sampling form, thus obtained 38 samples which are orders product orders Impeller Material 125 JB 2002 to 2009. The technique of collecting data through field studies (interviews, observations), and the research literature . Based on the data that has been obtained, the next writer process these data using Pearson Product Moment (PPM) and the coefficient determinant (KP). Of processing the data obtained correlation coefficient of quality costs to net income of the value of r = 0.883. Interpretation of the value of the correlation coefficient in the high category / very strong and positive, meaning that the cost of quality with net income are high relationship / very strong and the direction of the relationship is positive. If the cost of quality, the greater the greater the net profit achieved and vice versa if the smaller the cost of quality then the smaller the net profit achieved. While the magnitude of the effect on net income of quality costs or the coefficient determinant is equal to 78.0% and the remaining 22.0% is influenced by other factors

Micropropagation of Glandularia, native genus with ornamental potencial

En este trabajo se estableció un protocolo de propagación in vitro de tres especies nativas del género Glandularia: G. peruviana, G. sp. y G. laciniata. Para el establecimiento in vitro se evaluó el medio de Murashige Skoog (MS) con macro y micronutrientes diluidos a la mitad adicionado con 0,05 μM de bencilaminopurina (BAP) sola o en combinación con 0,1 μM thiadiazuron (TDZ) y un testigo sin reguladores del crecimiento. En la etapa de multiplicación se evaluó el medio de cultivo MS diluido a la ½ ó ¼ y adicionado de 20 ó 40 gr.L-1 de sacarosa. Es posible establecer y micropropagar estas especies en medios de cultivo sencillos. El medio más eficiente para el establecimiento fue aquel sin reguladores, mientras que el más adecuado para la multiplicación fue MS ½ adicionado de 20 gr.L-1 de sacarosa, en el cual la tasa de multiplicación cada 30 días fue de 6 en G. sp. y G. peruviana y 4 para G. laciniata.In this work there was established a protocol of microspropagation of three native species of the genus Glandularia, G. peruviana, G. sp. and G. laciniata. Macro and micronutrients half strength Murashige Skoog (MS) media added with BAP 0.05 μM alone or in combination with TDZ 0.1 μM were tested in the establishment stage. Half and quarter strength MS media with 20 or 40 g.L-1 of sucrose were assayed at multiplication stage. It is possible to establish and to micropropagate these species in simple culturing media. The most efficient media for establishment stage was that one without growth regulators, whereas the most suitable for the multiplication it was MS ½ with 20 g.L-1 of sucrose, where the multiplication rate every 30 days were 6 for G. sp and G. peruviana and 4 for G. laciniata.Fil: Ponce, María T.. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Ciencias BiológicasFil: Guiñazú, Mónica E.. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Ciencias BiológicasFil: Fioretti, Sonia B.. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Producción AgropecuariaFil: Cirrincione, Miguel A.. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Ciencias Biológica

Assays to determine the proper season to practice agamic propagation in ornamental grasses : : Mendoza (Argentina)

La división de matas es una técnica de propagación difundida con gran éxito entre las Gramíneas. Cuando se trata de la producción comercial de este grupo de plantas, es importante conocer la época en que se realiza esta práctica para obtener plantas de la mejor calidad en el menor tiempo posible. Según algunos autores, la estación apropiada para dividir gramíneas está relacionada con el momento de activo crecimiento: primavera tardía para las especies estivales y otoño o primavera temprana para las invernales. En este trabajo se estudió la influencia de la época del año en la división de matas de Miscanthus sinensis "Variegatus", Miscanthus sinensis "Zebrinus", Miscanthus sinensis "Morning Light", Paspalum haumanii, Leymus arenarius, Pennisetum setaceum y Trichloris crinita en diciembre y febrero. Se evaluaron las características ornamentales y la precocidad, con fines comerciales, de las plantas obtenidas en otoño y primavera tardía. Las variables utilizadas fueron altura vegetativa, diámetro de canopia y de corona, número de cañas y porcentaje de sobrevivencia. Desde el punto de vista comercial y productivo, es conveniente realizar la división de matas en otoño para obtener precocidad sólo en M. sinensis "Variegatus" y M. sinensis "Zebrinus". En el caso de M. sinensis "Morning Light", P. setaceum, T. crinita, P. haumanii y Leymus es más adecuada la división de primavera.Division of clumps is the largest used technique of vegetative propagation spread with great success among the grasses. When it comes to commercial production of ornamental grasses, it is important to know the season that this practice is done to get plants of the best quality in the shortest possible time. According to some authors, division is usually best done when grasses are in active growth: late spring for the summer species and autumn or early spring for the winter ones. In this assay, the aim was to study the influence of the season in the division of Miscanthus sinensis "Variegatus", M. sinensis "Zebrinus", M. sinensis "Morning Light", Paspalum haumanii, Leymus arenarius, Pennisetum setaceum and Trichloris crinita in December and February, it was also evaluated the ornamental condition and precocity of plants obtained in autumn and into late spring with commercial purposes.The variables considered were: vegetative height, canopy diameter, and crown diameter, number of canes and percentage of survival. From commercial and productive point of view, it is advisable to realize the division in autumn to obtain precociousness only in M. sinensis "Variegatus" and in M. sinensis "Zebrinus". In the case of M. sinensis "Morning Light", P. setaceum, T. crinita, P. haumanii and Leymus is more appropriate spring division.Fil: Fioretti, Sonia B.. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Producción AgropecuariaFil: Videla, Eugenia. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Producción AgropecuariaFil: Ponce, María T.. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Ciencias BiológicasFil: Tonda, Marta. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Producción AgropecuariaFil: Carrieri, Sergio A.. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Producción Agropecuari

Babesia microti-like en un perro inmunocompetente

La babesiosis canina es una enfermedad infecciosa de distribución mundial causada por parásitos intraeritrocitarios transmitidos por garrapatas. Si bien ha sido tradicionalmente asumido que sólo dos de las 73 especies de babesias identificadas causan enfermedad en la especie canina, Babesia canis y Babesia gibsoni, recientes publicaciones demuestran que una tercera especie (Babesia microti-like) también puede parasitar a perros. Este último parásito, genéticamente relacionado con Babesia microti, es el origen de una enfermedad endémica entre la población canina del noroeste de España. Este trabajo presenta un caso no experimental de esta forma de Babesia microti-like en un perro cocker spaniel de 9 años, sin antecedentes de inmunodeficiencia ni de esplenectomía, que se presenta en la clínica veterinaria con signos de hipertermia, hemoglobinuria, escalofríos y apatía. Una muy intensa parasitemia (24%), junto con trombopenia y una acusada anemia hemolítica regenerativa fueron los hallazgos más caractéristicos. En la extensión de sangre periférica se visualizaron múltiples merozoitos intraeritrocitarios (parasitemia de un 24%) de pequeño tamaño (1-2 um) y presentación única en cada hematíe. Cuarenta y ocho horas después del comienzo de los síntomas, y tras tratamiento específico con dipropionato de imidocarb el perro evolucionó hacia la curación

A p53-independent role for the MDM2 antagonist Nutlin-3 in DNA damage response initiation.

BACKGROUND: The mammalian DNA-damage response (DDR) has evolved to protect genome stability and maximize cell survival following DNA-damage. One of the key regulators of the DDR is p53, itself tightly regulated by MDM2. Following double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs), mediators including ATM are recruited to the site of DNA-damage. Subsequent phosphorylation of p53 by ATM and ATM-induced CHK2 results in p53 stabilization, ultimately intensifying transcription of p53-responsive genes involved in DNA repair, cell-cycle checkpoint control and apoptosis. METHODS: In the current study, we investigated the stabilization and activation of p53 and associated DDR proteins in response to treatment of human colorectal cancer cells (HCT116p53+/+) with the MDM2 antagonist, Nutlin-3. RESULTS: Using immunoblotting, Nutlin-3 was observed to stabilize p53, and activate p53 target proteins. Unexpectedly, Nutlin-3 also mediated phosphorylation of p53 at key DNA-damage-specific serine residues (Ser15, 20 and 37). Furthermore, Nutlin-3 induced activation of CHK2 and ATM - proteins required for DNA-damage-dependent phosphorylation and activation of p53, and the phosphorylation of BRCA1 and H2AX - proteins known to be activated specifically in response to DNA damage. Indeed, using immunofluorescent labeling, Nutlin-3 was seen to induce formation of γH2AX foci, an early hallmark of the DDR. Moreover, Nutlin-3 induced phosphorylation of key DDR proteins, initiated cell cycle arrest and led to formation of γH2AX foci in cells lacking p53, whilst γH2AX foci were also noted in MDM2-deficient cells. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first solid evidence showing a secondary role for Nutlin-3 as a DDR triggering agent, independent of p53 status, and unrelated to its role as an MDM2 antagonist

Activation studies of the β-carbonic anhydrases from Escherichia coli with amino acids and amines

A β-carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) from the widespread bacterium Escherichia coli (EcoCAβ), encoded by the CynT2 gene, has been investigated for its catalytic properties and enzymatic activation by a panel of amino acids and amines. EcoCAβ showed a significant catalytic activity for the hydration of CO2 to bicarbonate and a proton, with a kinetic constant kcat of 5.3 × 105 s− and a Michaelis–Menten constant KM of 12.9 mM. The most effective EcoCAβ activators were L- and D-DOPA, L-Tyr, 4-amino-Phe, serotonin and L-adrenaline, with KAs from 2.76 to 10.7 µM. L-His, 2-pyridyl-methylamine, L-Asn and L-Gln were relatively weak activators (KAs from 36.0 to 49.5 µM). D-His, L- and D-Phe, L- and D-Trp, D-Tyr, histamine, dopamine, 2-(aminoethyl)pyridine/piperazine/morpholine, L-Asp, L- and D-Glu have KAs from 11.3 to 23.7 µM. Endogenous CA activators may play a role in bacterial virulence and colonisation of the host

Livestock abundance predicts vampire bat demography, immune profiles, and bacterial infection risk

Human activities create novel food resources that can alter wildlife–pathogen interactions. If resources amplify or dampen, pathogen transmission probably depends on both host ecology and pathogen biology, but studies that measure responses to provisioning across both scales are rare. We tested these relationships with a 4-year study of 369 common vampire bats across 10 sites in Peru and Belize that differ in the abundance of livestock, an important anthropogenic food source. We quantified innate and adaptive immunity from bats and assessed infection with two common bacteria. We predicted that abundant livestock could reduce starvation and foraging effort, allowing for greater investments in immunity. Bats from high-livestock sites had higher microbicidal activity and proportions of neutrophils but lower immunoglobulin G and proportions of lymphocytes, suggesting more investment in innate relative to adaptive immunity and either greater chronic stress or pathogen exposure. This relationship was most pronounced in reproductive bats, which were also more common in high-livestock sites, suggesting feedbacks between demographic correlates of provisioning and immunity. Infection with both Bartonella and haemoplasmas were correlated with similar immune profiles, and both pathogens tended to be less prevalent in high-livestock sites, although effects were weaker for haemoplasmas. These differing responses to provisioning might therefore reflect distinct transmission processes. Predicting how provisioning alters host–pathogen interactions requires considering how both within-host processes and transmission modes respond to resource shifts

Milk exosomes are bioavailable and distinct microRNA cargos have unique tissue distribution patterns

Exosomes participate in cell-to-cell communication, facilitated by the transfer of RNAs, proteins and lipids from donor to recipient cells. Exosomes and their RNA cargos do not exclusively originate from endogenous synthesis but may also be obtained from dietary sources such as the inter-species transfer of exosomes and RNAs in bovine milk to humans. Here, we assessed the bioavailability and distribution of exosomes and their microRNA cargos from bovine, porcine and murine milk within and across species boundaries. Milk exosomes labeled with fluorophores or fluorescent fusion proteins accumulated in liver, spleen and brain following suckling, oral gavage and intravenous administration in mice and pigs. When synthetic, fluorophore-labeled microRNAs were transfected into bovine milk exosomes and administered to mice, distinct species of microRNAs demonstrated unique distribution profiles and accumulated in intestinal mucosa, spleen, liver, heart or brain. Administration of bovine milk exosomes failed to rescue Drosha homozygous knockout mice, presumably due to low bioavailability or lack of essential microRNAs

Milk exosomes are bioavailable and distinct microRNA cargos have unique tissue distribution patterns

Exosomes participate in cell-to-cell communication, facilitated by the transfer of RNAs, proteins and lipids from donor to recipient cells. Exosomes and their RNA cargos do not exclusively originate from endogenous synthesis but may also be obtained from dietary sources such as the inter-species transfer of exosomes and RNAs in bovine milk to humans. Here, we assessed the bioavailability and distribution of exosomes and their microRNA cargos from bovine, porcine and murine milk within and across species boundaries. Milk exosomes labeled with fluorophores or fluorescent fusion proteins accumulated in liver, spleen and brain following suckling, oral gavage and intravenous administration in mice and pigs. When synthetic, fluorophore-labeled microRNAs were transfected into bovine milk exosomes and administered to mice, distinct species of microRNAs demonstrated unique distribution profiles and accumulated in intestinal mucosa, spleen, liver, heart or brain. Administration of bovine milk exosomes failed to rescue Drosha homozygous knockout mice, presumably due to low bioavailability or lack of essential microRNAs