A model for human islet transplantation to immunodeficient streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice

Streptozotocin (STZ) is a cytotoxic glucose analogue that causes beta cell death and is widely used to induce experimental diabetes in rodents. The sensitivity of beta cells to STZ is species-specific and human beta cells are resistant to STZ. In experimental islet transplantation to rodents, STZ-diabetes must be induced before transplantation to avoid destruction of grafted islets by STZ. In human islet transplantation, injection of STZ before transplantation is inconvenient and costly, since human islet availability depends on organ donation and frail STZ-diabetic mice must be kept for unpredictable lapses of time until a human islet preparation is available. Based on the high resistance of human beta cells to STZ, we have tested a new model for STZ-diabetes induction in which STZ is injected after human islet transplantation. Human and mouse islets were transplanted under the kidney capsule of athymic nude mice, and 10-14 days after transplantation mice were intraperitoneally injected with five consecutive daily doses of STZ or vehicle. Beta-cell death increased and beta-cell mass was reduced in mouse islet grafts after STZ injection. In contrast, in human islet grafts beta cell death and mass did not change after STZ injection. Mice transplanted with rodent islets developed hyperglycemia after STZ-injection. Mice transplanted with human islets remained normoglycemic and developed hyperglycemia when the graft was harvested. STZ had no detectable toxic effects on beta cell death, mass and function of human transplanted islets. We provide a new, more convenient and cost-saving model for human islet transplantation to STZ-diabetic recipients in which STZ is injected after islet transplantation

Role of blood glucose in cytokine gene expression in early syngeneic islet transplantation

In islet transplantation, local production of cytokines at the grafted site may contribute to the initial nonspecific inflammation response. We have determined whether the metabolic condition of the recipient modulates the cytokine expression in islet grafts in the initial days after transplantation. Normoglycemic and hyperglycemic streptozotocin-diabetic Lewis rats were transplanted with 500 syngeneic islets, an insufficient beta cell mass to restore normoglycemia in hyperglycemic recipients. The expression of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-4 genes was determined by real-time PCR in freshly isolated islets, in 24-h cultured islets and in islet grafts on days 1, 3, and 7 after transplantation. IL-1beta mRNA was strongly and similarly increased in normoglycemic and hyperglycemic groups on days 1, 3, and 7 after transplantation compared with freshly isolated and cultured islets. TNF-alpha mRNA was also strongly increased on day 1, and it remained increased on days 3 and 7. IL-6 and IL-10 were not detected in freshly isolated islets, but their expression was clearly enhanced in 24-h cultured islets and islet grafts. IL-6 was further increased in hyperglycemic grafts. IL-10 expression was increased in both normoglycemic and hyperglycemic grafts on day 1 after transplantation, and remained increased in hyperglycemic grafts compared to 24-h cultured islets. IFN-gamma mRNA was barely detected in a few grafts, and IL-4 mRNA was never detected. Thus, the inflammatory response in islet grafts was maximal on day 1 after transplantation, it was sustained, although at lower levels, on days 3 and 7, and it was partly enhanced by hyperglycemia

Gastrin treatment stimulates beta cell regeneration and improves glucose tolerance in 95% pancreatectomized rats

β-Cell mass reduction is a central aspect in the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and substitution or regeneration of the lost β-cells is a potentially curative treatment of diabetes. To study the effects of gastrin on β-cell mass in rats with 95% pancreatectomy (95%-Px), a model of pancreatic regeneration, rats underwent 95% Px or sham Px and were treated with [15 leu] gastrin-17 (Px+G and S+G) or vehicle (Px+V and S+V) for 15 d. In 95% Px rats, gastrin treatment reduced hyperglycemia (280 ± 52 mg vs. 436 ± 51 mg/dl, P < 0.05), and increased β-cell mass (1.15 ± 0.15 mg)) compared with vehicle-treated rats (0.67 ± 0.15 mg, P < 0.05). Gastrin treatment induced β-cell regeneration by enhancing β-cell neogenesis (increased number of extraislet β-cells in Px+G: 0.42 ± 0.05 cells/mm(2) vs. Px+V: 0.27 ± 0.07 cells/mm(2), P < 0.05, and pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 expression in ductal cells of Px+G: 1.21 ± 0.38% vs. Px+V: 0.23 ± 0.10%, P < 0.05) and replication (Px+G: 1.65 ± 0.26% vs. S+V: 0.64 ± 0.14%; P < 0.05). In addition, reduced β-cell apoptosis contributed to the increased β-cell mass in gastrin-treated rats (Px+G: 0.07 ± 0.02%, Px+V: 0.23 ± 0.05%; P < 0.05). Gastrin action on β-cell regeneration and survival increased β-cell mass and improved glucose tolerance in 95% Px rats, supporting a potential role of gastrin in the treatment of diabetes

Short term culture with the caspases inhibitor z-VAD fmk reduces beta cell apoptosis in transplanted islets and improves the metabolic outcome of the graft

In the initial days after transplantation islets are particularly vulnerable and show increased apoptosis and necrosis. We have studied the effects of caspase inhibition on this early beta cell death in syngeneically transplanted islets. Streptozotocin-diabetic C57BL/6 mice were transplanted with 150 syngeneic islets, an insufficient mass to restore normoglycemia, preincubated with or without the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD. fmk 2 h before transplantation. Beta cell apoptosis was increased in control islets on day 3 after transplantation (0.28 ± 0.02%) compared with freshly isolated islets (0.08 ± 0.02%, p< 0.001), and was partially reduced in transplanted islets preincubated with z-VAD.fmk 200 μM (0.14 ± 0.02%, p = 0.003) or with z-VAD.fmk 500 μM (0.17 ± 0.01%, p = 0.012), but not with a lower z-VAD.fmk (100 μM) concentration. Diabetic mice transplanted with islets preincubated with z-VAD.fmk 500 μM showed an improved metabolic evolution compared with control and z-VAD.fmk 200 μM groups. The z-VAD.fmk 500 μM group showed an overall lower blood glucose after transplantation (p = 0.02), and at the end of the study blood glucose values were reduced compared with transplantation day (15.7 ± 3.6 vs. 32.5 ± 0.5 mmol/L, p = 0.001). In contrast, blood glucose was not significantly changed in control and z-VAD.fmk 200 μM groups. Four weeks after transplantation beta cell mass was higher in z-VAD.fmk 500 μM group (0.15 ± 0.02 mg) than in the control group (0.10 ± 0.02 mg) (p = 0.043). In summary, the treatment of freshly isolated islets with the caspase inhibitor z-VAD.fmk reduced the subsequent apoptosis of the islets once they were transplanted and improved the outcome of the graft

The atrial natriuretic peptide and guanylyl cyclase-A system modulates pancreatic beta-cell function

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and its guanylyl cyclase-A (GC-A) receptor are being involved in metabolism, although their role in the endocrine pancreas is still greatly unknown. The aim of this work is to study a possible role for the ANP/GC-A system in modulating pancreatic beta-cell function. The results presented here show a direct effect of the GC-A receptor in regulating glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and beta-cell mass. GC-A activation by its natural ligand, ANP, rapidly blocked ATP-dependent potassium (K(ATP)) channel activity, increased glucose-elicited Ca(2+) signals, and enhanced GSIS in islets of Langerhans. The effect in GSIS was inhibited in islets from GC-A knockout (KO) mice. Pancreatic islets from GC-A KO mice responded to increasing glucose concentrations with enhanced insulin secretion compared with wild type (WT). Remarkably, islets from GC-A KO mice were smaller, presented lower beta-cell mass and decreased insulin content. However, glucose-induced Ca(2+) response was more vigorous in GC-A KO islets, and basal K(ATP) channel activity in GC-A KO beta-cells was greatly diminished compared with WT. When protein levels of the two K(ATP) channel constitutive subunits sulfonylurea receptor 1 and Inward rectifier potassium channel 6.2 were measured, both were diminished in GC-A KO islets. These alterations on beta-cell function were not associated with disruption of glucose tolerance or insulin sensitivity in vivo. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests were similar in WT and GC-A KO mice. Our data suggest that the ANP/GC-A system may have a modulating effect on beta-cell function

Epithelial To Mesenchymal Transition In Human Endocrine Islet Cells

BACKGROUND: β-cells undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) when expanded in monolayer culture and give rise to highly proliferative mesenchymal cells that retain the potential to re-differentiate into insulin-producing cells. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether EMT takes place in the endocrine non-β cells of human islets. METHODOLOGY: Human islets isolated from 12 multiorgan donors were dissociated into single cells, purified by magnetic cell sorting, and cultured in monolayer. RESULTS: Co-expression of insulin and the mesenchymal marker vimentin was identified within the first passage (p1) and increased subsequently (insulin+vimentin+ 7.2±6% at p1; 43±15% at p4). The endocrine non-β-cells did also co-express vimentin (glucagon+vimentin+ 59±1.5% and 93±6%, somatostatin+vimentin+ 16±9.4% and 90±10% at p1 and p4 respectively; PP+vimentin+ 74±14% at p1; 88±12% at p2). The percentage of cells expressing only endocrine markers was progressively reduced (0.6±0.2% insulin+, 0.2±0.1% glucagon+, and 0.3±0.2% somatostatin+ cells at p4, and 0.7±0.3% PP+ cells at p2. Changes in gene expression were also indicated of EMT, with reduced expression of endocrine markers and the epithelial marker CDH-1 (p<0.01), and increased expression of mesenchymal markers (CDH-2, SNAI2, ZEB1, ZEB2, VIM, NT5E and ACTA2; p<0.05). Treatment with the EMT inhibitor A83-01 significantly reduced the percentage of co-expressing cells and preserved the expression of endocrine markers. CONCLUSIONS: In adult human islets, all four endocrine islet cell types undergo EMT when islet cells are expanded in monolayer conditions. The presence of EMT in all islet endocrine cells could be relevant to design of strategies aiming to re-differentiate the expanded islet cells towards a β-cell phenotype

Sobreexpressió de l'antagonista del Receptor d'Interleucina 1 (IL-1Ra) en els illots pancreàtics .Efectes sobre viabilitat, funció i regeneració de les cèl·lules beta.

[cat] El trasplantament d'illots pancreàtics és una teràpia emergent per la curació de la diabetis mellitus. Una de les limitacions radica en la baixa disponibilitat d'òrgans i l'elevada demanda existent, que queda agreujada amb l'elevat nombre d'illots que són necessaris per restablir la normoglucèmia del pacient. Estudis recents del nostre grup, han mostrat que en els primers dies després del trasplantament hi ha un augment de l'expressió d'IL-1beta en els empelts d'illots. La hipòtesi de treball és que la citocina proinflamatòria, IL-1, està implicada en la fallada del trasplantament. Designant la sobreexpressió d'IL-1Ra com l'estratègia a seguir per millorar el pronòstic del trasplantament singènic d'illots pancreàtics. Per tant, l'objectiu general de l'estudi va ser determinar si la sobreexpressió d'IL-1Ra en els illots pancreàtics protegeix les cèl·lules beta pancreàtiques dels efectes deleteris d'IL-1 en els illots i millora el pronòstic del trasplantament. L'estudi dels efectes d'IL-1beta i de la sobreexpressió d'IL-1Ra in vitro es va realitzar amb un cultiu primari d'illots de rata que van ser exposats durant 48h a 5.5 o 22.2 mM de glucosa en presència o absència de 50U/ml d'IL-1beta. I la inserció del gen exogen a les cèl·lules dels illots es va fer utilitzant un adenovirus V recombinant. La proliferació de les cèl·lules beta (determinada per incorporació de BrdU) va disminuir dràsticament quan es van exposar els illots a 50 U/ml d'IL-1beta, tant a 5.5 mM com a 22.2 mM de glucosa. Aquest efecte d'IL-1beta va quedar completament abolit per la sobreexpressió d'IL-1Ra en els illots que havien estat infectats amb l'adenovirus que codificava per l'antagonista, a les dues concentracions de glucosa utilitzades. L'apoptosi de les cèl·lules beta (determinada per immunohistoquímica mitjançant la tècnica del TUNEL i per citometria de flux, marcant les cèl·lules amb anexina V i iodur de propidi) estava significativament augmentada en els illots exposats a IL-1beta, però no en els illots que sobreexpressaven IL-1Ra. L'estudi dels efectes de la sobreexpressió d'IL-1Ra en els illots trasplantats es va realitzar utilitzant un model de trasplantament singènic. Grups de 500 illots control (no infectats) o que sobreexpressaven IL-1Ra van ser trasplantats sota la càpsula renal de rates Lewis diabètiques. 500 illots són una massa beta clarament insuficient per restablir la normoglucèmia, així doncs els animals d'ambdós grups es van mantenir hiperglucèmics durant tot l'estudi. Els empelts es van recuperar després de 3, 10 i 28 dies del trasplantament i es van processar per fer estudis histològics. La sobreexpressió d'IL-1Ra en els illots trasplantats va fer augmentar significativament la proliferació de les cèl·lules beta dels empelts de 3, 10 i 28 dies i va protegir parcialment les cèl·lules beta de l'increment d'apoptosi detectat després del trasplantament, tant a curt com a llarg termini. L'àrea individual de les cèl·lules beta estava augmentada de manera similar tant en els empelts d'illots control com en els illots que sobreexpressaven IL-1Ra als 10 i 28 dies d'evolució. Finalment, la sobreexpressió d'IL-1Ra resultà en una recuperació de la massa beta inicialment trasplantada. Per tal d'estudiar si els efectes beneficiosos de la sobreexpressió d'IL-1Ra aconseguien reduir el nombre d'illots necessaris per restablir la normoglucèmia, es va trasplantar una massa beta marginal (800 illots) d'illots control i Ad-IL-1Ra a animals diabètics. El 100% dels animals trasplantats amb illots Ad-IL-1Ra eren normoglucèmics després de 14 dies del trasplantament i només un 40% dels animals trasplantats amb illots control assoliren l'euglucèmia en aquest dia. En aquest treball es mostra que la citocina proinflamatòria IL-1beta indueix clarament apoptosi a les cèl·lules beta dels illots de rata en cultiu i inhibeix dràsticament la replicació d'aquestes cèl·lules. La sobreexpressió d'IL-1Ra protegeix les cèl·lules beta dels efectes deleteris d'aquesta citocina i amplifica la resposta replicativa de les cèl·lules beta exposades a concentracions altes de glucosa. La sobreexpressió d'IL-1Ra en els illots augmenta la replicació de les cèl·lules beta trasplantades, les protegeix de l'apoptosi induïda després del trasplantament, i preserva la massa beta inicialment trasplantada. Els efectes beneficiosos de la sobreexpressió d'IL-1Ra observats en els illots trasplantats permeten reduir el nombre d'illots necessaris per restablir la normoglucèmia dels animals diabètics. Aquests resultats suggereixen que la IL-1 juga un paper important en l'evolució dels empelts d'illots, ja que el seu bloqueig implica una millora dels illots trasplantats.[eng] BACKGROUND AND AIMS: IL-1beta could contribute to the dramatic beta cell loss that takes place after islet transplantation. It is known that exposure to sustained hyperglycemia has a deleterious effect on transplanted islets. Moreover, it has been recently reported that IL-1beta expression is increased in islets exposed to high glucose levels. IL-1Ra is a naturally occurring inhibitor of IL-1 action and its overexpression protects pancreatic islets from the deleterious effects of IL-1â on beta cell replication, apoptosis and function. The aim of this study was to determine whether viral gene transfer of the IL-1Ra gene into rat islets ex vivo could have a beneficial effect on beta cell replication and mass of transplanted islets. METHODS: Lewis rat islets were infected for 2h with 6.25 × 106 pfu of Ad-IL-1Ra and streptozotocin-diabetic Lewis rats were transplanted with 500 Ad-IL-1Ra infected islets (Ad-IL-1Ra group) or 500 uninfected islets (control group) under the kidney capsule. Grafts were removed 3 (n = 12), 10 (n = 12) and 28 (n = 12) days after transplantation and beta cell replication, apoptosis and mass were determined. RESULTS: 500 islets is an insufficient mass to restore normoglycemia and therefore, all animals but one (IL-1Ra group) remained hyperglycemic until the end of the study. Beta cell replication (determined by BrdU incorporation) was significantly increased in Ad-IL-1Ra group on days 3 (0.78 ± 0.23%), 10 (1.15 ± 0.16%) and 28 (1.22 ± 0.2%) after islet transplantation compared to beta cell replication in normal pancreas (0.24 ± 0.04%; p< 0.05). In contrast, in control group, beta cell replication was not increased on day 3 after transplantation (0.41 ± 0.11%), and although it increased on day 10 (0.89 ± 0.18%; p< 0.01) it was reduced again on day 28 (0.59 ± 0.10%) in agreement with previous reports of limited beta cell replication with persistent hyperglycemia. Beta cell apoptosis (determined by TUNEL method) was significantly increased in transplanted islets from both groups compared to pancreas. Although Ad-IL-1Ra group showed lower beta cell apoptotic levels than control group, differences did not reach statistical significance. The initially transplanted â-cell mass (1.34 ± 0.03 mg) was similarly reduced in both control (0.32 ± 0.06 mg) and Ad-IL-1Ra groups (0.45 ± 0.10 mg) (p<0.001) on day 3 after transplantation. In Ad-IL-1Ra islet grafts, beta cell mass increased after 10 (1.04 ± 0.091 mg; p< 0.010) and 28 (0.8 ± 0.24 mg) days of transplantation. In contrast, beta cell mass of control group was also increased on day 10 after transplantation (0.69 ± 0.12 mg), but it dropped again on day 28 (0.41 ± 0.05 mg) paralleling with the evolution of beta cell replication in this group. CONCLUSIONS: Islets overexpressing IL-1Ra showed an increased beta cell replication and a preserved beta cell mass after transplantation, that was maintained even after longterm exposure to hyperglycemia

Editorial: Look who’s talking: Dialogues with beta cells

The lives of cells are not solitary. Important elements of cell biology, such as function, differentiation, proliferation, and survival, are regulated through communication between cells located in separate organs and between cells of the same kind or distinct types within a tissue. Pancreatic beta cells are regularly in communication with multiple cell types located within the islets of Langerhans as well as with cells outside the islets including cells of the exocrine pancreas, liver, muscle, adipose tissue, brain, or gut. These connections involve a variety of chemical and mechanical signals, are highly dynamic, and can tailor the behavior of beta cells in the short and long-term, ultimately contributing to the control of glucose homeostasis. Importantly, the types of communication and messages that they convey can change throughout the life of the organism. Thus, certain cell dialogues only take place during specific windows of time, i.e. embryogenesis or pregnancy, and mediate beta cell development and expansion under these physiological situations. On the other hand, some cell dialogues are forced upon pathological situations, such in the case of type 1 diabetes via the arrival of unexpected new neighbors of the immune system, or in the case of obesity via the reception of an unprecedented volume of signals from enlarged fat tissue. These latter dialogues often end in a difficult to resolve conflict that leads to beta cell dysfunction and/or loss and the onset of diabetes. A plethora of mouse models and cell lines have been generated in order to unravel the connection between pancreatic beta cells and other cells from various tissues aimed to identify key targets for diabetes treatment. Still, the identification of many mediators in such connections remains a challenge

Identification of miRNAs Involved in Reprogramming Acinar Cells into Insulin Producing Cells

Reprogramming acinar cells into insulin producing cells using adenoviral (Ad)-mediated delivery of Pdx1, Ngn3 and MafA (PNM) is an innovative approach for the treatment of diabetes. Here, we aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in this process and in particular, the role of microRNAs. To this end, we performed a comparative study of acinar-to-β cell reprogramming efficiency in the rat acinar cell line AR42J and its subclone B13 after transduction with Ad-PNM. B13 cells were more efficiently reprogrammed than AR42J cells, which was demonstrated by a strong activation of β cell markers (Ins1, Ins2, IAPP, NeuroD1 and Pax4). miRNome panels were used to analyze differentially expressed miRNAs in acinar cells under four experimental conditions (i) non-transduced AR42J cells, (ii) non-transduced B13 cells, (iii) B13 cells transduced with Ad-GFP vectors and (iv) B13 cells transduced with Ad-PNM vectors. A total of 59 miRNAs were found to be differentially expressed between non-transduced AR42J and B13 cells. Specifically, the miR-200 family was completely repressed in B13 cells, suggesting that these cells exist in a less differentiated state than AR42J cells and as a consequence they present a greater plasticity. Adenoviral transduction per se induced dedifferentiation of acinar cells and 11 miRNAs were putatively involved in this process, whereas 8 miRNAs were found to be associated with PNM expression. Of note, Ad-PNM reprogrammed B13 cells presented the same levels of miR-137-3p, miR-135a-5p, miR-204-5p and miR-210-3p of those detected in islets, highlighting their role in the process. In conclusion, this study led to the identification of miRNAs that might be of compelling importance to improve acinar-to-β cell conversion for the future treatment of diabetes

Increased beta cell replication, and beta cell mass regeneration in syngeneically transplanted rat islets overexpressing insulin-like growth factor-II

Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF2) is a growth-promoting peptide that increases β-cell proliferation and survival. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of IGF2 overexpression on β-cell mass in transplanted islets. Islets infected with adenovirus encoding for IGF2 (Ad-IGF2 group), for luciferase (Ad-Luc control group), or with uninfected islets (control group) were syngeneically transplanted to streptozotocin-diabetic Lewis rats. Eight hundred islets, a minimal mass model to restore normoglycemia, or 500 islets, a clearly insufficient mass, were transplanted. Rats transplanted with 800 Ad-IGF2 islets showed a better metabolic evolution than control groups. As expected, rats transplanted with 500 Ad-IGF2 or control islets maintained similar hyperglycemia throughout the study, ensuring comparable metabolic conditions among both groups. β-Cell replication was higher in Ad-IGF2 group than in control group on days 3 [1.45% (IQR: 0.26) vs. 0.58% (IQR: 0.18), p = 0.006], 10 [1.58% (IQR: 1.40) vs. 0.90% (IQR: 0.61), p = 0.035], and 28 [1.35% (IQR: 0.35) vs. 0.64% (IQR: 0.28), p = 0.004] after transplantation. β-Cell mass was similarly reduced on day 3 after transplantation in Ad-IGF2 and control group [0.36 mg (IQR: 0.26) vs. 0.38 mg (IQR: 0.19)], it increased on day 10, and on day 28 it was higher in Ad-IGF2 than in control group [0.63 mg (IQR: 0.38) vs. 0.42 mg (IQR: 0.31), p = 0.008]. Apoptosis was similarly increased in Ad-IGF2 and control islets after transplantation. No differences in insulin secretion were found between Ad-IGF2 and uninfected control islets. In summary, IGF2 overexpression in transplanted islets increased β-cell replication, induced the regeneration of the transplanted β-cell mass, and had a beneficial effect on the metabolic outcome reducing the β-cell mass needed to achieve normoglycemia