Historia rozwoju dermatologii i wenerologii na Podkarpaciu

Historia dermatologii i wenerologii na Podkarpaciu sięga XIX wieku. Dzięki wielkiemu poświęceniu i zaangażowaniu personelu medycznego możliwe było utworzenie pierwszych ośrodków dermatologicznych i wenerologicznych, niosących pomoc chorym ze schorzeniami skórnymi i chorobami przenoszonymi drogą płciową. Ciągłe starania i ciężka praca zaowocowały poprawieniem jakości i zwiększeniem dostępu pacjentów do świadczeń zdrowotnych. Obecnie na Podkarpaciu funkcjonuje sześć oddziałów dermatologicznych, a ponadto są tu liczne poradnie dermatologiczne, wyposażone w sprzęt pozwalający na diagnostykę oraz leczenie schorzeń dermatologicznych i poprawę komfortu życia chorych. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono historię i rozwój wybranych oddziałów i poradni dermatologicznych na terenie Podkarpacia

Fire hazard modulation by long-term dynamics in land cover and dominant forest type in eastern and central Europe

Wildfire occurrence is influenced by climate, vegetation and human activities. A key challenge for understanding the risk of fires is quantifying the mediating effect of vegetation on fire regimes. Here, we explore the relative importance of Holocene land cover, land use, dominant functional forest type, and climate dynamics on biomass burning in temperate and boreo-nemoral regions of central and eastern Europe over the past 12 kyr. We used an extensive data set of Holocene pollen and sedimentary charcoal records, in combination with climate simulations and statistical modelling. Biomass burning was highest during the early Holocene and lowest during the mid-Holocene in all three ecoregions (Atlantic, continental and boreo-nemoral) but was more spatially variable over the past 3–4 kyr. Although climate explained a significant variance in biomass burning during the early Holocene, tree cover was consistently the highest predictor of past biomass burning over the past 8 kyr. In temperate forests, biomass burning was high at ~ 45% tree cover and decreased to a minimum at between 60% and 70% tree cover. In needleleaf-dominated forests, biomass burning was highest at ~60 %–65%tree cover and steeply declined at > 65% tree cover. Biomass burning also increased when arable lands and grasslands reached ~15 %–20 %, although this relationship was variable depending on land use practice via ignition sources, fuel type and quantities. Higher tree cover reduced the amount of solar radiation reaching the forest floor and could provide moister, more wind-protected microclimates underneath canopies, thereby decreasing fuel flammability. Tree cover at which biomass burning increased appears to be driven by warmer and drier summer conditions during the early Holocene and by increasing human influence on land cover during the late Holocene. We suggest that longterm fire hazard may be effectively reduced through land cover management, given that land cover has controlled fire regimes under the dynamic climates of the Holocene

Holocene fire activity during low-natural flammability periods reveals scale-dependent cultural human-fire relationships in Europe

Fire is a natural component of global biogeochemical cycles and closely related to changes in human land use. Whereas climate-fuel relationships seem to drive both global and subcontinental fire regimes, human-induced fires are prominent mainly on a local scale. Furthermore, the basic assumption that relates humans and fire regimes in terms of population densities, suggesting that few human-induced fires should occur in periods and areas of low population density, is currently debated. Here, we analyze human-fire relationships throughout the Holocene and discuss how and to what extent human driven fires affected the landscape transformation in the Central European Lowlands (CEL). We present sedimentary charcoal composites on three spatial scales and compare them with climate model output and land cover reconstructions from pollen records. Our findings indicate that widespread natural fires only occurred during the early Holocene. Natural conditions (climate and vegetation) limited the extent of wildfires beginning 8500 cal. BP, and diverging subregional charcoal composites suggest that Mesolithic hunter-gatherers maintained a culturally diverse use of fire. Divergence in regional charcoal composites marks the spread of sedentary cultures in the western and eastern CEL The intensification of human land use during the last millennium drove an increase in fire activity to early-Holocene levels across the CEL Hence, humans have significantly affected natural fire regimes beyond the local scale - even in periods of low population densities - depending on diverse cultural land-use strategies. We find that humans have strongly affected land-cover- and biogeochemical cycles since Mesolithic times

Anthropogenic transformation of the vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the settlement complex in Poganowo (Mrągowo Lakeland, NE Poland)

The re sults of pol len, non-pol len palynomorph and microcharcoal par ti cle anal y ses of de pos its from a small pond in north east ern Po land are pre sented. The study fo cused on hu man-in duced veg e ta tion changes that oc curred in a close vi cin ity of the set tle ment com plex at Poganowo dur ing the Mid dle Ages (ca 10th–16th cen tu ries). We dis tin guished three phases of hu man im pact. First and third phases cor re spond to in ten si fied set tle ment ac tiv ity. The sec ond phase was a pe riod when hu man ac tiv ity de creased and wood land re gen er a tion took place. The high in ci dence of the par a - sitic fun gus Kretzschmaria deusta in a lo cal for est stand dur ing the third phase was si mul ta neous with nu mer ous spores of coprophilous fungi (Sordaria-type and Cercophora-type). We con sider that Kretzschmaria deusta in hab ited the roots and bases of tree trunks dam aged by dig ging and graz ing an i mals

Late Holocene changes in vegetation of the Mrągowo Lakeland (NE Poland) as registered in the pollen record from Lake Salęt

Pol len anal y sis of sed i ments from the up per part of bot tom de pos its from Lake Salêt al lowed re con struc tion of main stages of the Late Ho lo cene veg e ta tion trans for ma tion in the Mr¹gowo Lake Dis trict (from ca. 3600 cal. years BC) and to cor re late some of these changes with im mi gra tion and eco nomic ac tiv ity of lo cal hu man groups. Sig nif i cant spread - ing of sec ond ary semi-nat u ral birch for est, de vel op ment of horn beam for est and in creas ing im por tance of anthropogenic open com mu ni ties were the most char ac ter is tic fea tures of veg e ta tion evo lu tion. A def i nite break down of elm took place be tween 2900 and 2500 cal. years BC, slightly af ter in creased con tri bu tion of birch in wood lands. Dis appear ance of ha zel around 1200 cal. years BC, ac com pa nied by ex pan sion of horn beam has been ob served and should be linked with ac tiv ity of the Z¹bie-Szestno type cul ture and the Lusatian cul ture tribes dur ing the Bronze Age, but not with a cli mate change. Con sid er able in ten si fi ca tion of set tle ment pro cesses re corded in the youn ger part of the Subatlantic chronozone was one of the im por tant rea sons that were re spon si ble for quick changes in for est struc ture. Strong and con tin ued de for es ta tion started as early as the end of the 10th cen tury AD and was sub stan tially in ten si fied in the first half of the 13th cen tury

Holocene fires in the central European lowlands and the role of humans

International audienceA major debate concerns the questions of when and to what extent humans affected regional landscapes, especially land cover and associated geomorphological dynamics, significantly beyond natural variability. Fire is both, a natural component of many climate zones and ecosystems around the globe and also closely related to human land cover change. Humans clearly affected natural fire regimes and landscapes in the most recent centuries, acting as prime ignition triggers and later fire suppressors, while Holocene trends in sedimentary charcoal have been mainly associated with climatic factors and partly with Neolithic land cover change. However, little is known since when Paleolithic to Neolithic fire use affected natural landscapes beyond small spatial and temporal scales. Here, we discuss onset and extent of human-driven fires superimposed on natural Holocene landscape transformation for the central European lowlands (CEL), a landscape of low natural flammability and long human history. We present composites of sedimentary charcoal records as new human impact proxies for periods when natural conditions (climate and vegetation) limited wildfires. Together with climate model output and land cover reconstructions from pollen, we find that fire was naturally important only during the early Holocene. The onset of human-driven fires beyond natural fires appeared scale-dependent. Sub-regional fire maxima indicate fire use by Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, already 8,500 years ago. Regionally, fire marks the Neolithisation onset at ∼6,500 years (western CEL) and ∼4,000 years ago (eastern CEL). During the last millennium, farming intensification drove fire up to early Holocene levels across all CEL. Fire activity reduced only in the highly fragmented landscape of northern Germany during the last centuries. As compilations of soil erosion records even mirror Holocene fire trends, we conclude that past human land cover change could have affected sub-regional landscapes more and earlier than previously thought

Fire risk modulation by long-term dynamics in land cover and dominant forest type in Eastern and Central Europe

International audienceWildfire occurrence is influenced by climate, vegetation and human activities. A key challenge forunderstanding fire-climate-vegetation interactions is to quantify the effect vegetation has in mediating fire regime. Here, we explore the relative importance of Holocene land cover and dominant functional forest type, and climate dynamics on biomass burned in temperate and boreo-nemoral regions of Central and Eastern Europe over the past 12 ka BP years. We used an extensive data set of Holocene pollen and sedimentary charcoal records, in combination with climate simulations and novel statistical modelling. Biomass burned was highest during the early Holocene and lowest during the mid Holocene in all three ecoregions, but diverged more markedly over the past 3-4 ka BP. Although the climate was an important driver of fire hazard during the warm and dry early Holocene, tree cover was consistently the strongest predictor of past biomass burning. In temperate forests, biomass burned was high at ~ 45% tree cover and decreased strongly towards 60% tree cover. In needleleaf dominated forests, biomass burned was highest at ~60-65% tree cover and abruptly declined at >65% tree cover. Biomass burned also increased when arable lands and grasslands reached ~15-20%, although this relationship was highly dynamic depending on land use intensity throughout ignition and fuel type and availability. Our observations cover the full range of Holocene climate variability and land cover changes and illustrates that percentages of land cover is a key predictor of the probability of fire occurrence over timescales of centuries to millennia. We suggest that long-term fire risk may be effectively reduced through land cover management, given that land cover has controlled fire regimes under the dynamic climates of theHolocene

Fire hazard modulation by long-term dynamics in land cover and dominant forest type in eastern and central Europe

Wildfire occurrence is influenced by climate, vegetation and human activities. A key challenge for understanding the risk of fires is quantifying the mediating effect of vegetation on fire regimes. Here, we explore the relative importance of Holocene land cover, land use, dominant functional forest type, and climate dynamics on biomass burning in temperate and boreo-nemoral regions of central and eastern Europe over the past 12 kyr. We used an extensive data set of Holocene pollen and sedimentary charcoal records, in combination with climate simulations and statistical modelling. Biomass burning was highest during the early Holocene and lowest during the mid-Holocene in all three ecoregions (Atlantic, continental and boreo-nemoral) but was more spatially variable over the past 3-4 kyr. Although climate explained a significant variance in biomass burning during the early Holocene, tree cover was consistently the highest predictor of past biomass burning over the past 8 kyr. In temperate forests, biomass burning was high at ∼ 45% tree cover and decreased to a minimum at between 60% and 70% tree cover. In needleleaf-dominated forests, biomass burning was highest at ∼60 %-65%tree cover and steeply declined at > 65% tree cover. Biomass burning also increased when arable lands and grasslands reached ∼15 %-20 %, although this relationship was variable depending on land use practice via ignition sources, fuel type and quantities. Higher tree cover reduced the amount of solar radiation reaching the forest floor and could provide moister, more wind-protected microclimates underneath canopies, thereby decreasing fuel flammability. Tree cover at which biomass burning increased appears to be driven by warmer and drier summer conditions during the early Holocene and by increasing human influence on land cover during the late Holocene. We suggest that longterm fire hazard may be effectively reduced through land cover management, given that land cover has controlled fire regimes under the dynamic climates of the Holocene