Prenatal Ultrasound Screening: False Positive Soft Markers May Alter Maternal Representations and Mother-Infant Interaction

International audienceBackground : In up to 5% of pregnancies, ultrasounds screenin detects a " soft marker" (SM) that places the foetus at risk for a severe abnormality. In most cases, prenatal diagnostic work-up rules out a severe defect. We aimed to study the effects of false positive SM on maternal emotional status, maternal representations of the infant, and mother-infant interaction. Methology and Principal Findings : Utilizing an extreme-case prospective case control design, we selected frome a group of 244 women undergroing ultrasound, 19 pregnant women whose foetus had a positive SM screening and reassuring diagnostic work up, and 19 controls without SM matched for age and education. In the third trimester of pregnancy, within one week after delivery, and 2 months postpartum, we assessed anxiety, depression and maternal representations; Mother-infant interactions were videotaped during feeding within one week after delivery and again at 2 months postpartum and coded blindly using Coding Interactive behavior (CIB) scales. Anxiety and depression scores were significantly higher at alla ssessment points in the SM group. Maternal representations were also observd in the SM groyp. These dyads showed greater dysregulation, lower maternal sensitivity, higher maternal intrusive behaviour and higher infant avoidance. Multivariate analysis showed that maternal representation and depression at third trimester predicted mother-infant interaction.Conclusion : False positive ultrasound screenings for SM are not benign and negatively affect the developping maternal-infant attachment. Medical efforts should be directed to minimize as much as possible such false diagnoses, and to the psychological adverse consequences

RECHERCHE CLINIQUE EN PERINATALITE: Impact du prénatal sur la psychopathologie du bébé et de la dyade mère-enfant

This thesis takes place in the study of the link between prenatal stress and relational mother infant disorders and specific question of fetal scan. In order to examine these questions, we first develop an analytic reflexion about fetal scan characteristics and implications on mother's representation. Then, we assessed by a case-control prospective study the impact of soft markers of fetal scan on mother's representations and early mother infant interaction at birth and 2 months postpartum. In other hand, we analysed, by a retrospective study, clinical profiles of infant before one year referred to a 0-3 unit. Results show that soft markers on fetal scan, in contrast to its harmless presentation induces perturbation of mother's representations and interaction disorders. Some factors can be pointed: gap between mother's and sonographist's attempts, announcement problematic, picture characteristics. Mother's representations are suspended during reassuring results waiting time and then keep traces of this perturbation. Mothers show a pattern of investment reduced or disorganized. Perturbations to early mother-infant interactions were observed in the study group and these dyads showed greater dysregulation, lower maternal sensitivity, and higher maternal intrusive behaviour. During interactions, SM infants displayed higher avoidance of their mothers. Multivariate analysis showed that maternal representation and depression at third trimester predicted mother-infant interaction. In specialized zero to three unit, we find a peak of referral before three months. 25% of infants referred before one year have an exclusive Axis II diagnosis (relational disorders). Multiple correspondence analyses showed this axe explains 18% of the third clinical profiles highlighted. These powerful link between pre and post natal emphases the necessity to favoured earlier mother infant health care from prenatal period.Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre de l'étude du lien entre le stress prénatal et les troubles des interactions et la question particulière de l'échographie fœtale. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié les implications de l'échographie fœtale sur les représentations maternelles d'elle même et de son futur enfant par le prisme analytique. Puis, nous avons mesuré par une étude prospective cas témoin, l'impact d'une image suspecte et de bon pronostic vue à l'échographie fœtale, les " softs markers ", sur les représentations maternelles en pré et post-partum et sur les interactions précoces mère enfant. Dans un autre temps, nous avons analysé, par une étude rétrospective, les profils cliniques des enfants reçus en unité petite enfance dans leur première année de vie et tenté d'en dégager la part des troubles des interactions. Les résultats de ces études, montrent combien l'apparente bénignité de l'échographie fœtale est trompeuse. La séquence échographique porte en elle plusieurs facteurs perturbateurs : le décalage entre les attentes parentales et celles de l'échographiste, les caractériqutques de l'image échographique et l'effet d'" annonce " de suspicion d'anomalie qui font écho aux mouvements ambivalents des femmes enceintes pour leur fœtus. L'analyse des représentations maternelles montre par ailleurs qu'après la sidération de l'annonce et la suspension des investissements dans l'attente des résultats rassurants, la dynamique psychique est détournée de ses objectifs premiers et que cette " déviation ", s'amplifie et s'installe avec le temps. Les mères montrent des patterns d'investissement évitant ou désorganisé de leur enfant dont les conséquences vont être perceptibles au cours des interactions précoces mesurées à la naissance et aux deux mois de l'enfant. À la naissance, la mère est en difficulté pour percevoir les signaux de son enfant. Elle est plus intrusive et opératoire. L'enfant, lui, montre moins d'initiative et des comportements de retrait. Les niveaux d'anxiété et de dépression maternels sont supérieurs en pré et post partum dans la population clinique. Les analyses multivariées montrent que le type de représentations et le niveau de dépression au troisième trimestre prédit les perturbations de l'interaction. En unité petite enfance au cours de la première année, nous constatons un pic de consultation avant trois mois. Les troubles de la relation isolés (Axe II) représentent 25% des consultants et expliquent 18% de la variance des 3 profils cliniques dégagés. Ce lien puissant entre le pré et le post natal insiste sur la nécessité d'une prise en charge la plus précoce possible en particulier dès la période prénatale

Which women uses social Internet networks during pregnancy?

Internet has become an important part of our life, including during pregnancy where it is broadly used to find information (84%). The aims of this study were (1) to describe the proportion of women using Internet Social Networks (ISN) concerning their pregnancy, during pre or postpartum hospital stay, (2) to define how ISN users refer to their pregnancy and delivery on these social networks, (3) to compare anxiety level, social sustain level, sociodemographic characteristics of the both population (4) and to determine profiles of the ISN users with multiple correspondence analysis. Methods: 399 questionnaires were distributed in the postpartum wards of two academic hospitals in Paris, and 258 fully filled were retrieved. Tools: Anxiety scale (STAI- A and B), Cutrona Social Provisions Scale, sociodemographic and obstetrical questionnaire. Results: 76% (n = 195) were ISN users. We compared ISN users versus ISN non users women. Demographically, the two populations were comparable. Anxiety scores were similar in both groups, whereas social support scores showed a statistical difference in social integration. In the global population, 84% use Internet for information concerning pregnancy; this rate is higher for ISN users than ISN non users (tendency 0.058). ISN were used in priority for sharing with relatives, and 10% with other pregnant women. Concerning pregnancy, patients posted in priority the birth announcement (28%), the pregnancy announcement (23%), and the newborn’s pictures (12%). 6% posted their fetuses’ ultrasound pictures. Three clusters of ISN users were extracted with statistically different social support scores (p = 0.019) and comparable anxiety scores. The third one, with at risk profile, used ISN as social support. For all women, but specifically for younger and more socially fragile women, Internet gives to professional new perspectives to develop information and prevention tools during the perinatal period

Le rôle de l’observation de l’interaction mère–bébé dans le processus de transmission du traumatisme psychique

International audienceSeveral studies on the trans-generational transmission of trauma confirm the evidence of transmission. Understanding the process of this transmission could help to promote early care for traumatized mothers and their children. In particular, in contexts of collective trauma, such as humanitarian emergencies, where a large part of the population is exposed to repeated traumatic events. This study aimed to provide evidences on the trauma transmission process in order to prevent it.Les situations d’urgences humanitaires sont souvent caractérisées par des traumas collectifs et individuels importants. Cette étude vise à fournir davantage d’éléments de compréhension du processus de transmission du traumatisme afin de proposer des dispositifs de soins de prévention précoce de la transmission transgénérationnelle

Disrespect during childbirth and postpartum mental health: a French cohort study

The same year the WHO warned about mistreatment, a social media movement with #paytonuterus brought to light the problematic of obstetrical violence in French speaking countries.A year later, in 2015, the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics defined 7 categories of disrespect and abuse during childbirth also known as obstetric violence (1). To allow contextual relevance, the French National Academy of Medicine has focused only on the disrespects committed by the caregivers and has not retained the overall constituents of obstetric violence (2,3). Inadequate support and loss of control in labour are some of the most frequently reported risk factors for childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder (CB-PTSD) (4). Hence the need to explore the associations between disrespect during childbirth and the mental well-being of mothers. We conducted a multicentered cohort study within a French perinatal network and used auto-questionnaires to measure women's report of disrespect during childbirth, CB-PTSD and Postpartum Depression (PPD)

Disrespect during childbirth and postpartum mental health ::a French cohort study

Background : While the World Health Organisation (WHO) warned about mistreatment, disrespect and/or abuse during childbirth as early as 2014. This same year a social media movement with #payetonuterus brought to light the problematic of obstetrical violence in French speaking countries, and more specifically on issues of disrespect. The experience of care is an integral part of the quality of care, and perception on inadequate support during labour and loss of control in labour are some of the most frequently reported risk factors for childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder (CB-PTSD). Therefore, it seems crucial to study the associations between disrespect during childbirth and the mental well-being of mothers. Methods : We performed a multicentered cohort study using auto-questionnaires within a French perinatal network. The main outcome was women’s report of disrespect during childbirth measured by the Behavior of the Mother’s Caregivers – Satisfaction Questionnaire (BMC-SQ) 3 days and 2 months after childbirth. CB-PTSD and Postpartum Depression (PPD) were assessed 2 months after childbirth using respectively the Post-Traumatic Checklist Scale (PCLS) and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Results : This study followed 123 mothers from childbirth to 2 months postpartum. Among them, 8.13% (n = 10/123) reported disrespect during childbirth at 3 days after childbirth. With retrospect, 10.56% (n = 13/123) reported disrespect during childbirth at 2 months postpartum, i.e. an increase of 31%. Some 10.56% (n = 13/123) of mothers suffered from postpartum depression, and 4.06% (n = 5/123) were considered to have CB-PTSD at 2 months after childbirth. Reported disrespect during childbirth 3 days after birth was significantly associated with higher CB-PTSD 2 months after birth (R2 = 0.11, F(1,117) = 15.14, p < 0.001 and β = 9.11, p = 0.006), PPD at 2 months after childbirth was positively associated to reported disrespect in the birth room, 3 days after birth (R2 = 0.04, F(1, 117) = 6.28, p = 0.01 and β = 3.36, p = 0.096). Meanwhile, PPD and CB-PTSD were significantly associated 2 months after childbirth (R2 = 0.41, F=(1,117) = 82.39, p < 0.01 and β = 11.41, p < 0.001). Conclusions : Disrespect during childbirth was associated with poorer mental health during the postpartum period. Given the high prevalence of mental health problems and the increased susceptibility to depression during the postpartum period, these correlational results highlight the importance of gaining a deeper awareness of healthcare professionals about behaviours or attitudes which might be experienced as disrespectful during childbirth

Toward recovery-oriented perinatal healthcare: A participatory qualitative exploration of persons with lived experience and health providers’ views and experiences

Abstract Background Perinatal mental health disorders (PMHD) remain often undetected, undiagnosed, and untreated with variable access to perinatal mental health care (PMHC). To guide the design of optimal PMHC (i.e., coproduced with persons with lived experience [PLEs]), this qualitative participatory study explored the experiences, views, and expectations of PLEs, obstetric providers (OP), childcare health providers (CHPs), and mental health providers (MHPs) on PMHC and the care of perinatal depression. Methods We conducted nine focus groups and 24 individual interviews between December 2020 and May 2022 for a total number of 84 participants (24 PLEs; 30 OPs; 11 CHPs; and 19 MHPs). The PLEs group included women with serious mental illness (SMI) or autistic women who had contact with perinatal health services. We recruited PLEs through social media and a center for psychiatric rehabilitation, and health providers (HPs) through perinatal health networks. We used the inductive six-step process by Braun and Clarke for the thematic analysis. Results We found some degree of difference in the identified priorities between PLEs (e.g., personal recovery, person-centered care) and HPs (e.g., common culture, communication between providers, and risk management). Personal recovery in PMHD corresponded to the CHIME framework, that is, connectedness, hope, identity, meaning, and empowerment. Recovery-supporting relations and peer support contributed to personal recovery. Other factors included changes in the socio-cultural conception of the peripartum, challenging stigma (e.g., integrating PMH into standard perinatal healthcare), and service integration. Discussion This analysis generated novel insights into how to improve PMHC for all users including those with SMI or autism

Pregnancy, Mental Well-Being and Lockdown: A Nationwide Online Survey in France

International audienceThe objective of this study was to compare the mental well-being of French women who were and were not pregnant during the first COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. We performed a nationwide online quantitative survey including all women between 18 and 45 years of age during the second and third weeks of global lockdown (25 March–7 April 2020). The main outcome measure was mental well-being measured by the Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS). This study analysed 275 responses from pregnant women and compared them with those from a propensity score–matched sample of 825 non-pregnant women. In this French sample, the median WEMWBS score was 49.0 and did not differ by pregnancy status. Women living in urban areas reported better well-being, while those with sleep disorders or who spent more than an hour a day watching the news reported poorer well-being. During the first lockdown in France, women had relatively low mental well-being scores, with no significant difference between pregnant and non-pregnant women. More than ever, health-care workers need to find a way to maintain their support for women’s well-being. Minor daily annoyances of pregnancy, such as insomnia, should not be trivialised because they are a potential sign of poor well-being

Additional file 1 of Disrespect during childbirth and postpartum mental health: a French cohort study

Additional file 1: Table S1. Number of women?s assessments (and % total) of disrespect during childbirth by caregiver