Peningkatan Keterampilan Proses Sains Pada Pembelajaran Biologi Melalui Penerapan Model Bounded Inquiry Lab Pada Peserta Didik Kelas XI MIA 3 SMA Al Islam 1 Surakarta

ABSTRAK Sin Syin Lu’Lu’ Handayani. K4311067. PENINGKATAN KETERAMPILAN PROSES SAINS PADA PEMBELAJARAN BIOLOGI MELALUI PENERAPAN MODEL BOUNDED INQUIRY LAB PADA PESERTA DIDIK KELAS XI MIA 3 SMA AL ISLAM 1 SURAKARTA. Skripsi. Surakarta: Pendidikan Biologi. Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan. Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta, Desember, 2015. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan keterampilan proses sains yang meliputi empat aspek: 1) merumuskan masalah; 2) merumuskan hipotesis; 3) merencanakan percobaan; 4) menerapkan konsep, pada pokok bahasan Sistem Indera melalui penerapan model bounded inquiry lab peserta didik kelas XI MIA 3 SMA Al Islam 1 Surakarta Tahun Pelajaran 2014/2015. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK) yang berlangsung dalam dua siklus. Target penelitian tercapai yaitu terjadi peningkatan sebesar 20% pada setiap aspek keterampilan proses sains. Setiap siklus terdiri dari empat tahapan, yaitu perencanaan, pelaksanaan, observasi, dan refleksi. Subjek penelitian adalah peserta didik kelas XI MIA 3 SMA AL Islam 1 Surakarta Tahun Pelajaran 2014/2015 yang berjumlah 35. Pengumpulan data menggunakan: 1) teknik non tes (observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi); 2) teknik tes berupa tes keterampilan proses sains. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif kualitatif. Validasi data menggunakan teknik triangulasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terjadi peningkatan setiap aspek keterampilan proses sains pada Pratindakan , Siklus I dan Siklus II secara berurutan yaitu: 1) merumuskan masalah (39,46%; 50%; 82,35%); 2) merumuskan hipotesis (34,05%; 49,12%; 81,48%); 3) merencanakan percobaan (20,54%; 40,59%; 71,37%); 4) menerapkan konsep (36,76%; 38%; 64,75%). Berdasarkan hasil tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada peningkatan keterampilan proses sains pada pembelajaran Biologi melalui penerapan model bounded inquiry lab peserta didik kelas XI MIA 3 SMA Al Islam 1 Surakarta Tahun Pelajaran 2014/2015. Kata Kunci: model bounded inquiry lab, keterampilan proses sain

Application of hydrological conceptual models to simulate future river flows feeding Lake Victoria, East Africa

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Hydroscience and Engineering, Philadelphia, PA, September 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1860/732The Nile River receives its water primarily from Lake Victorias catchment basin, and is a particularly vital source of potable water in that region. Since greenhouse gases induce climate change that will affect the water resources system, this necessitates a fundamental review of both the planning and management of water resources. This study delivers the range of plausible changes in flows of five rivers (tributaries) to Lake Victoria from the year 2010 to 2099. Two different hydrological conceptual models, namely IHACRES and SMAR, are used in establishing the daily rainfall-runoff relationships for the five sub-catchments (tributaries) within the Lake Victoria basin. The five catchment sites are Nzoia, Yala, Sondu, Gucha and Mara. A number of climate change scenarios from several General Circulation Models (GCMs), taking into account different CO2 emission forcings have been successfully used by these hydrological models in order to simulate the corresponding future river flows in the five subcatchments. The results suggest an increase in mean annual flow in the 2020s period. However, the river flow trends in the 2050s and 2080s are inconclusive. The results show the potential for climate change to modify river flows, thus requiring a significant planning response. The results, amongst others also indicate the importance of considering hydrological impacts in potable water supply and flood/drought studies

The Compressive Strength Of Concrete With Coconut Ash As Cement Replacement

This study was carried out to produce concrete that is more environmentally friendly by using coconut fiber ash as cement replacement. The reason to use coconut fiber as cement replacement is to reduce the amount of cement usage in concrete mix. It is aimed to achieve the min objectives of this study which are to determine the workability of concrete and to determine the compressive strength of concrete. The ratio of materials used is 1:2:4 to do the concrete mix. Additives which are coconut fiber ash used to replace the cement are 0%, 2% and 4%. The mold used to produce concrete is 100mm length, 100mm width and 100mm height. The concrete will then be let dry and soaked for 1 week before it tested on 7th days, then continued by 14th days and 28th days

Assessing impacts of climate change on Lake Victoria Basin, Africa

The Nile River is mainly sourced by the Lake Victoria basin catchment. Potable water is vital in this region. Greenhouse gases induced climate change is believed to affect the water resources system leading to alteration in planning and management. Previous studies had been carried out in focus on the pollution, fisheries, wetland of the Lake Victoria basin, while limited research in view of the effects of climate change on hydrological regime. In view of the importance of water in that region, assessing the potential climate change impacts is necessary. Factors such as downscaling of climate scenarios obtain from general circulation models and climate scenarios should be taken into consideration

Effects of individualized examples and personalized contexts in computer-based adaptive teaching of algebra word problems

The purpose of the present investigation was to develop an adaptive teaching model for an interactive computer-assisted instruction (CAT) program and to evaluate the effectiveness of the implementation of individualized examples or individualized examples in personalized contexts. Translating word problems into equations provided the context for the CAT investigation. Four classes from two middle schools in Oregon constituted the population from which subjects were selected. Subjects completed a biographical questionnaire and a pretest prior to treatment. During the 45-minute treatment, subjects received a CAT lesson and practice problems following each example. On the day following the treatment, a posttest and a reaction questionnaire were administered to measure the main effects of these approaches. Three parallel CAT versions were developed as treatments for algebra word problem translations: 1) abstract, 2) individualized, and 3) individualized/personalized. In the abstract version, example and practice problems were presented without the involvement of specific learner interests or experiences. In the individualized version, example and practice problems were selected and constructed based upon learner interests and experiences. In the individualized/personalized version, example and practice problems were selected and constructed based upon learner interests and experiences, in addition to which personal biographical information was embedded into the contexts of problems. With respect to learning outcomes, the three different examples and contexts produced equivalent performances, with no significant posttest performance differences. Effects for individualized examples and personalized contexts for interactive CAT were not significant. The treatment effects for the practice performance were significant. Individualized and individualized/personalized groups answered significantly more practice problems correctly than the abstract group. Differences between the individualized and the individualized/personalized groups were not significant. For the reactions to the treatments, two out of eight items elicited significantly different responses. When asked whether "the word problems were interesting," subjects in the individualized/personalized group were more in agreement than the individualized and abstract groups. When asked whether "the word problems helped him/her understand the problem-solving situations," subjects in the individualized/ personalized group were more in agreement than subjects in either the abstract or the individualized groups. For the open-ended questions, subjects stated that they were more serious and task-oriented when using the interactive CAl program

cAMP-Signalling Regulates Gametocyte-Infected Erythrocyte Deformability Required for Malaria Parasite Transmission.

Blocking Plasmodium falciparum transmission to mosquitoes has been designated a strategic objective in the global agenda of malaria elimination. Transmission is ensured by gametocyte-infected erythrocytes (GIE) that sequester in the bone marrow and at maturation are released into peripheral blood from where they are taken up during a mosquito blood meal. Release into the blood circulation is accompanied by an increase in GIE deformability that allows them to pass through the spleen. Here, we used a microsphere matrix to mimic splenic filtration and investigated the role of cAMP-signalling in regulating GIE deformability. We demonstrated that mature GIE deformability is dependent on reduced cAMP-signalling and on increased phosphodiesterase expression in stage V gametocytes, and that parasite cAMP-dependent kinase activity contributes to the stiffness of immature gametocytes. Importantly, pharmacological agents that raise cAMP levels in transmissible stage V gametocytes render them less deformable and hence less likely to circulate through the spleen. Therefore, phosphodiesterase inhibitors that raise cAMP levels in P. falciparum infected erythrocytes, such as sildenafil, represent new candidate drugs to block transmission of malaria parasites

The H89 cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor blocks Plasmodium falciparum development in infected erythrocytes

In Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of human malaria, the catalytic subunit gene of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (Pfpka-c) exists as a single copy. Interestingly, its expression appears developmentally regulated, being at higher levels in the pathogenic asexual stages than in the sexual forms of parasite that are responsible for transmission to the mosquito vector. Within asexual parasites, PfPKA activity can be readily detected in schizonts. Similar to endogenous PKA activity of noninfected red blood cells, the parasite enzyme can be stimulated by cAMP and inhibited by protein kinase inhibitor.Importantly, ex vivo treatment of infected erythrocytes with the classical PKA-C inhibitor H89 leads to a block in parasite growth. This suggests that the PKA activities of infected red blood cells are essential for parasite multiplication. Finally, structural considerations suggest that drugs targeting the parasite, rather than the erythrocyte enzyme, might be developed that could help in the fight against malaria

Protein Kinase A Dependent Phosphorylation of Apical Membrane Antigen 1 Plays an Important Role in Erythrocyte Invasion by the Malaria Parasite

Apicomplexan parasites are obligate intracellular parasites that infect a variety of hosts, causing significant diseases in livestock and humans. The invasive forms of the parasites invade their host cells by gliding motility, an active process driven by parasite adhesion proteins and molecular motors. A crucial point during host cell invasion is the formation of a ring-shaped area of intimate contact between the parasite and the host known as a tight junction. As the invasive zoite propels itself into the host-cell, the junction moves down the length of the parasite. This process must be tightly regulated and signalling is likely to play a role in this event. One crucial protein for tight-junction formation is the apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1). Here we have investigated the phosphorylation status of this key player in the invasion process in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. We show that the cytoplasmic tail of P. falciparum AMA1 is phosphorylated at serine 610. We provide evidence that the enzyme responsible for serine 610 phosphorylation is the cAMP regulated protein kinase A (PfPKA). Importantly, mutation of AMA1 serine 610 to alanine abrogates phosphorylation of AMA1 in vivo and dramatically impedes invasion. In addition to shedding unexpected new light on AMA1 function, this work represents the first time PKA has been implicated in merozoite invasion

A Schistosome cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Catalytic Subunit Is Essential for Parasite Viability

Eukaryotes, protozoan, and helminth parasites make extensive use of protein kinases to control cellular functions, suggesting that protein kinases may represent novel targets for the development of anti-parasitic drugs. Because of their central role in intracellular signaling pathways, cyclic nucleotide–dependent kinases such as cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) represent promising new targets for the treatment of parasitic infections and neoplastic disorders. However, the role of these kinases in schistosome biology has not been characterized and the genes encoding schistosome PKAs have not been identified. Here we provide biochemical evidence for the presence of a PKA signaling pathway in adult Schistosoma mansoni and show that PKA activity is required for parasite viability in vitro. We also provide the first full description of a gene that encodes a PKA catalytic subunit in S. mansoni, named SmPKA-C. Finally we demonstrate, through RNA interference, that SmPKA-C contributes to the PKA activity we detected biochemically and that inhibition of SmPKA-C expression in adult schistosomes results in parasite death. Together our data show that SmPKA-C is a critically important gene product and may represent an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment and control of schistosomiasis