Participation, health and the development of community resources in southern Brazil

Growth of body size (body height and body weight) and somatotype in 363 girls and 299 boys aged 4 to 20 years of ethnic Javanese lived in Magelang Regency Indonesia were studied cross-sectionally. Over half of them were categorized in the well-off family, therefore underweight or underfat prevalence in our subjects was low (14.3%) but overweight and obesity prevalence was also low (14%). They were shorter and lighter than reference children from U.S., Japan and Yogyakarta but they improved when compared with those of the same ethnic of Bantul and with the different ethnic of rural India. There was a clear age-related change of their somatotype. At age 4 years, the physique of children subjects in both sexes is found to be mesomorph-endomorph. Thereafter it is transformed into ectomorphic-endomorph in girls and to mesomorph-ectomorph in boys at the age of 20 years. In girl subjects, the onset of puberty was characterized by an acceleration of endomorphy component at age 8 years. While in our boys it was characterized by an acceleration of ectomorphy since age 9 years. The different growth pattern of somatotype components showed that the use of BMI as an indicator of fatness in children should be reassessed

KEPADATAN TULANG METACARPAL SIMPANSE USIA 0 SAMPAI 44 TAHUN

ABSTRAK   Sifat fisik tulang merupakan indikator yang baik untuk studi pertumbuhan dan penuaan. Tulang adalah jaringan dinamis karena adanya proses modeling dan remodeling. Tulang berubah tidak hanya pada ukuran dan bentuknya, tetapi juga kepadatannya yang disebabkan  karena perubahan kandungan mineralnya. Osteoporosis atau kekeroposan tulang merupakan salah satu tanda umum penuaaan manusia. Osteoporosis di kalangan anthropoid masih belum diketahui. Dalam penelitian ini kami melakukan pengukuran kepadatan korteks tulang metacarpal simpanse (Pan troglodytes) usia 0 sampai 44 tahun berdasarkan radiografi. Pengukuran dilakukan dengan metode mikro-densitometri pada 68 simpanse betina dan 49 simpanse jantan. Kami menemukan bahwa kepadatan tulang meningkat pesat sampai usia sekitar 10 tahun. Pada simpanse jantan kepadatan tulangnya terus meningkat sampai usia 44 tahun, sedangkan pada simpanse betina kepadatan tulangnya menurun mulai usia 20 tahun. Penurunan kepadatan tulang simpanse betina dapat disebabkan karena kalsium tulang digunakan pada masa kehamilan dan menyusui. Namun demikian, simpanse betina diketahui tidak mengalami menopause. Jadi tidak seperti wanita, kejadian osteoporosis pada simpanse betina bukanlah akibat dari menopause. Kemungkinan hal ini berkaitan dengan berkurangnya kadar estrogen pada simpanse lanjut usia.   Kata Kunci: osteoporosis, kepadatan tulang, metakarpal, simpans

Diversity and Effectiveness of Insect Pollinators of Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae)

Seed of Jatropha curcas (Euphorbiaceae) is currently established as the source for biofuel Therefore, it is important to understand the diversity insects that pollinated J. curcas inflorescence yellow flowers. We also aimed to study the pollination effects on fruit set on J. curcas. Scan sampling method were carried out to explore the insect pollinators diversity from 07.00 up to 17.00 h  in every 15 minutes. Visiting frequency of pollinators insects were observed by using focal sampling. Those information together with flowering periods, flower nectar volumes, and environmental factors were used as the basic data to determine the effectiveness of insect pollination both in covered and uncovered of seed set plants. Results showed that nine species of insect pollinators were from three order (Hymenoptera, Lepidotera, and Diptera) pollinated J. curcas. Four species of Hymenoptera i.e. Prenolepis, Apis dorsata, Xylocopa confusa, and Apis cerana showed  the highest abundances. The highest abundance and species richness of pollinators occurred at 08.00-10.15 and 15.00-17.15 h. Bees of X. confusa, A. cerana, and A. dorsata of Apidae are effective as insect pollinators in J. curcas plantations, due to high visited frequencies. The insect pollinators also increased fruits and seeds set of J. curcas in the uncovered experiment plants. Thereby, enhancement the three pollinator insects as part of crop management have to be considered by farmers

KEPADATAN TULANG METACARPAL SIMPANSE USIA 0 SAMPAI 44 TAHUN

Sifat fisik tulang merupakan indikator yang baik untuk studi pertumbuhan dan penuaan. Tulang adalah jaringan dinamis karena adanya proses modeling dan remodeling. Tulang berubah tidak hanya pada ukuran dan bentuknya, tetapi juga kepadatannya yang disebabkan karena perubahan kandungan mineralnya. Osteoporosis atau kekeroposan tulang merupakan salah satu tanda umum penuaaan manusia. Osteoporosis di kalangan anthropoid masih belum diketahui. Dalam penelitian ini kami melakukan pengukuran kepadatan korteks tulang metacarpal simpanse (Pan troglodytes) usia 0 sampai 44 tahun berdasarkan radiografi. Pengukuran dilakukan dengan metode mikro-densitometri pada 68 simpanse betina dan 49 simpanse jantan. Kami menemukan bahwa kepadatan tulang meningkat pesat sampai usia sekitar 10 tahun. Pada simpanse jantan kepadatan tulangnya terus meningkat sampai usia 44 tahun, sedangkan pada simpanse betina kepadatan tulangnya menurun mulai usia 20 tahun. Penurunan kepadatan tulang simpanse betina dapat disebabkan karena kalsium tulang digunakan pada masa kehamilan dan menyusui. Namun demikian, simpanse betina diketahui tidak mengalami menopause. Jadi tidak seperti wanita, kejadian osteoporosis pada simpanse betina bukanlah ak ibat dari menopause. Kemungkinan hal ini berkaitan dengan berkurangnya kadar estrogen pada simpanse lanjut usia. Kata Kunci: osteoporosis, kepadatan tulang, metakarpal, simpans

Dietary Variation of Long Tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Telaga Warna, Bogor, West Java

The genus Macaca, member of sub-family Cercopithecinae, is the most widely distributed non-human primates in Asian countries. The habitats are strongly influence the dietary variation of the populations. The dietary variation of the macaques reflect ecological plasticity in coping with differences both in availability and abundance of food. The macaques are plastic in taking any kind of food that available in their home range and adjust their behaviour according to its abundance. Here, we present the dietary variation of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in the high altitude rain forest of Telaga Warna, West Java, Indonesia. The proportion of their food from natural sources is greater than those from visitors. The natural food consisted of plants, small animals (insects and earthworm), fungi and water from lake. The plant food comprised of 29 species plus a few mosses. The frequency of eating artificial food was influenced by visitors who come for picnic. In this site, the macaques learned that the visiting of tourists is identical with food

Application of Environmental DNA (eDNA) Metabarcoding Method to Identify Threatened Sulawesi Mammal Based on 12S rRNA Gene

Species detection and identification is a crucial steps in biodiversity assessment. Traditional methods are often invasive and resource intensive. The number of studies demonstrating successful of eDNA metabarcoding approach in species identification has increased rapidly in recent years. Some of large terrestrial mammals have reportedly utilize natural salt licks as a source of minerals in the diet and its genetic material left in the environment can be used to identify species from this site. An eDNA metabarcoding protocol had been carried out to identify Sulawesi mammals from Adudu natural salt-licks, Nantu Wildlife Reserve, Gorontalo. Environmental DNA were extracted from water samples, Amplicon libraries were prepared by PCR amplification and Illumina MiSeq high throughput sequencing. Reads processing and taxonomic assignment carried out in two bioinformatics packages, PipeCraft-1.0 and OBITools-2.11. Two endangered Sulawesi mammals species had been identified, i.e. lowland anoa (Bubalus depressicornis) and babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa). The accuracy of mammal species identification using eDNA metabarcoding is affected by rigorous experimental procedures, DNA marker reliability, and availability of reference sequence database

Exploration and prevalence of gastrointestinal worm in buffalo from West Java, Central Java, East Java and Lombok, Indonesia

The studies of parasites in buffaloes have not been widely explored. The aim of the present study was to explore the prevalence of gastrointestinal worm infection in buffaloes. The fresh faecal samples were collected from 89 buffaloes and observed by a modified McMaster technique. The faecal of buffaloes were collected in Bogor, Demak, East Java, and Lombok. The results of identification on gastrointestinal parasites show that there were one cestode and eight nematode. The total prevalence and infestation of cestodes and nematodes was found highest in Bogor. The prevalence and infestation of differences in geographical conditions were found highest in Bogor. The prevalence of gastrointestinal worm in males were highest than female, whereas for larger was found in females. The prevalence of gastrointestinal worms was found at age 1 year, whereas a larger infestation was found at the age of 1-5 years. The calculation of FEC in Bogor was 840 EPG, in Demak 375 EPG, in East Java 570 EPG and in Lombok 13 EPG. This study informed that there were nine genera of gastrointestinal worm found in Java and five genera in Lombok. Types larvae were found six i.e Strongyloides, Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum, Bunostomum and free living larvae

Variation of Handedness and Creativity in Bogor Primary and Secondary School Students

Left-handed individual’s minority has been ubiquitous in human population which leads them to be adaptable in right-handed world. As a preference, daily hand used must be consistentacross individuals and tasks, known as handedness. Handedness needs to be assessed with specific tasks using tools due to consistency of using either hand. There is a different adaptation that leads to creativity in left-handed individuals. The aim of this study is to assess left-handed individuals and measure their creativity. Handedness was examined by self-declared and 10 specific tasks of 493 both primary and secondary school students in Bogor, Indonesia. The total frequency of left-handed individuals was 7.3%. It seems that there are special adaptations that may signal creative behavior for left-handed individuals. The result showed that the left-handed females had higher creativity score than the males on Adjective Check List. Age and sex influence on creativity are discussed

Anthropogenic Influences on the Sosioecology of Long-Tailed Macaques (Macaca Fascicularis) in Lombok Island, Indonesia

Beberapa Pengaruh Antropogenik pada Sosioekologi pada Monyet ekor Panjang (Macaca fascicularis) di Pulau Lombok, Indonesia. Survey distribusi monyet ekor panjang dilakukan di P. Lombok selama 2001-2009 dan dari 37 kelompok, satu kelompok jantan muda dan 3 individu soliter yang terdata dari 27 lokasi sekitar 63% monyet dijumpai pada areal karena terpengaruh oleh aktivitaskehidupan manusia, seperti hutan sekunder, kebun buah-buahan, hutan persembahan dan tempat rekreasi. Besarnya kelompok monyet cenderung menjadi lebih besar di area semi buatan dibandingkan dengan kelompok yang hidup liar (Liar= 7.08, buatan =19.04, X2 = 5.4763, df = 1, P= 0.01928). Faktor-faktor ketergantungan pada manusia yang menyediakan sejumlah pakan ternyata mempengaruhi tingkah lakunya sedangkan penebangan hutan dan pengubahan alih fungsi menjadi kawasan lain selain hutan akan memicu monyet terkesan menjadi hama tanaman