Inhibicija lipidne peroksidacije pomoću enzimskih hidrolizata izoliranih iz pšeničnih mekinja

Wheat bran, an important by-product of the cereal industry, is rich in potentially health-promoting phenolic compounds. The phenolics are mainly esterified to the cell wall polysaccharides. In our previous paper, wheat bran was destarched and deproteinated by α-amylase, protease and amyloglucosidase successively and further hydrolyzed using Bacillus subtilis xylanases, and the enzymatic hydrolysates from wheat bran (EHWB) showed good scavenging activity in vitro. The aim of this study is to further characterize the antioxidant potential of EHWB against various systems, both ex vivo and in vivo, namely, rat liver microsomal lipid peroxidation systems induced by Fe2+/H2O2 and Fe3+-adenosine diphosphate (ADP)/dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), copper- and 2,2’-azo-bis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation systems, and alloxan-induced in vivo lipid peroxidation in mice. EHWB inhibited lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes induced by Fe2+/H2O2 and Fe3+-ADP/NADPH in a concentration-dependent manner with 90.3 and 87 % inhibition of lipid peroxidation at 50 mg/L, respectively, which were similar to that of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) at 20 mg/L. The antioxidant potential of EHWB at a concentration ranging from 10 to 20 mg/L in the nonenzymatic system was more effective than in the enzymatic system. EHWB strongly inhibited in vitro copper- and AAPH-mediated oxidation of LDL in a concentration- and time-dependent manner with 52.41 and 63.03 % inhibition at 20 mg/L, respectively, which were similar to that of ascorbate at 10 mg/L. EHWB significantly decreased the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and increased the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in serum and liver of alloxan-treated mice compared with the control. These results demonstrated that EHWB might be efficient in the protection of food products and humans against free radical-induced oxidative damage.Pšenične su mekinje važan nusproizvod u proizvodnji žitarica, jer su bogate fenolnim spojevima što pozitivno utječu na zdravlje. Fenoli se uglavnom vežu esterskom vezom na staničnu stijenku polisaharida. U prijašnjem su istraživanju pomoću α-amilaze, proteaze i amiloglukozidaze iz pšeničnih mekinja uklonjeni škrob i proteini, te su enzimskom hidrolizom pomoću ksilanaza iz bakterije Bacillus subtilis dobiveni hidrolizati, koji su učinkovito uklanjali slobodne radikale in vitro. Svrha je ovoga rada bila iscrpnije opisati antioksidativni učinak tih hidrolizata ex vivo i in vivo u različitim sustavima, i to: sustavima lipidne peroksidacije mikrosoma u jetri štakora induciranih pomoću Fe2+/H2O2 i Fe3+-adenozin difosfata (ADP)/dihidronikotinamid adenin dinukleotid fosfata (NADPH), sustavima oksidacije humanoga lipoproteina male gustoće (LDL) induciranih pomoću bakra i 2,2\u27-azo-bis(2-amidinopropan) dihidroklorida (AAPH), te in vivo lipidnoj peroksidaciji u miševa induciranoj pomoću aloksana. Enzimski su hidrolizati iz pšeničnih mekinja u koncentraciji od 50 mg/L inhibirali lipidnu peroksidaciju u mikrosomima jetre štakora induciranu pomoću Fe2+/H2O2 za 90,3 %, a onu induciranu pomoću Fe3+-ADP/NADPH za 87 %. Taj je učinak sličan učinku butiliranog hidroksitoluena (BHT) u koncentraciji od 20 mg/L. Antioksidativni je učinak enzimskih hidrolizata iz pšeničnih mekinja u koncentracijama od 10 do 20 mg/L bio veći u neenzimskim nego u enzimskim sustavima. Hidrolizati su, ovisno o njihovoj koncentraciji (20 mg/L) i vremenu reakcije, znatno inhibirali in vitro oksidaciju LDL, i to onu induciranu bakrom za 52,41 %, a oksidaciju induciranu pomoću AAPH za 63,03 %, što je slično učinku askorbata pri koncentraciji od 10 mg/L. Također su bitno smanjili količinu reaktivnih spojeva tiobarbiturne kiseline i povećali aktivnost glutation-peroksidaze, katalaze i superoksid dismutaze u serumu i jetri miševa tretiranih aloksanom, u usporedbi s kontrolnim uzorkom. Rezultati pokazuju da enzimski hidrolizati iz pšeničnih mekinja mogu biti korisni u zaštiti prehrambenih proizvoda i zdravlja ljudi od oksidacijskih oštećenja uzrokovanih slobodnim radikalima

Specific Volumetric Weight-Driven Shift in Microbiota Compositions With Saccharifying Activity Change in Starter for Chinese Baijiu Fermentation

Chinese starter Jiuqu, traditionally produced by spontaneous fermentation and always squeezed into bricks, serves as a vital saccharifying agent for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of Chinese Baijiu. It is important to reveal the key saccharifying microbiota and the driving force to improve the quality of Jiuqu. Here we studied the compositions of the microbiota by high-throughput amplicons sequencing analysis in Jiuqu, and revealed eight bacterial and seven fungal genera as the dominant community members. Among them, Lactobacillus, Aspergillus, Pichia, Saccharomyces, Rhizopus were the main contributors of proteins by metaproteomics analysis. Whereas, only Lactobacillus, Pichia, Rhizopus appeared as key actors for saccharification by secreting three glycosidases and two glycosyltransferases, and it indicated they were the key saccharifying microbiota in Jiuqu. Especially, Rhizopus secreted the most abundant glucoamylase. Interestingly, these three active genera significantly decreased and the key saccharifying enzymes were down-expressed, when Jiuqu was produced in diffused shape with a low volumetric weight. Rhizopus microsporus, the main producer of glucoamylase, was positively correlated with volumetric weight of Jiuqu. It indicated volumetric weight was the major driving force of the key saccharifying microbiota in Jiuqu. This work provides deep insights of key saccharifying microbiota, and indicates the main driving force for the key microbe. Furthermore, this finding can contribute to the improvement of saccharifying agent for food fermentation

Antioksidacijska aktivnost produkata enzimske hidrolize pšeničnih mekinja

Wheat bran was destarched and deproteinated by α-amylase, protease and amyloglucosidase successively, and further hydrolyzed using Bacillus subtilis xylanases. The yield of enzymatic hydrolysates from wheat bran (EHWB) was 1.84 %. The total phenolics were 0.3712 g of ferulic acid equivalents per gram of EHWB. The antioxidant potency of EHWB was evaluated using different assays, such as iron ion chelation, reducing power, scavenging activity against 2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and reactive oxygen species under in vitro conditions. EHWB exhibited an effective ferrous ion chelating activity and strong reducing power. It also showed a high DPPH radical scavenging activity (89.4 %) at 5.0 mg/mL, which was comparable to that of the synthetic antioxidant, butylated hydroxytoluene. EHWB also exerted a marked scavenging effect on ·OH with an EC50 value of 0.46 mg/mL, which was lower than that of mannitol (1.03 mg/mL), a classical hydroxyl radical scavenger, and obvious antioxidant activities toward O2·- and H2O2.Iz pšeničnih su mekinja djelovanjem enzima α-amilaze, proteaze i amiloglukozidaze uklonjeni škrob i proteini, nakon čega je provedena hidroliza pomoću ksilanaze iz bakterije Bacillus subtilis, te ostvaren prinos enzimskih hidrolizata od 1,84 %. Dobiven je udio ukupnih fenola od 0,3712 grama ekvivalenta ferulične kiseline po gramu hidrolizata. Primjenom različitih metoda ispitana je antioksidacijska sposobnost hidrolizata in vitro, tj. sposobnost stvaranja kelata s Fe2+ ionima, redukcije Fe3+ iona, te uklanjanja DPPH radikala i reaktivnih ugljikovih spojeva. Ispitani su hidrolizati imali dobru moć redukcije Fe3+ iona i stvaranja kelata s ionima Fe2+. Pri koncentraciji od 5 mg/L pokazali su vrlo dobru sposobnost uklanjanja DPPH radikala (89,4 %), približnu onoj sintetskog oksidansa (butiliranog hidroksitoluena). Isto tako su odlično uklanjali i hidroksilne radikale (EC50=0,46 mg/mL), puno bolje od manitola (EC50=1,03 mg/mL) koji se uobičajeno koristi za njihovo uklanjanje. Dobiveni enzimski hidrolizati su također imali antioksidacijski učinak protiv superoksidnih radikala i vodikova peroksida

ESTABLISHMENT AND EVALUATION OF ORTHOTOPIC HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND DRUG-INDUCED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN MICE WITH SPLEEN-DEFICIENCY SYNDROME IN TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE

Background: Spleen-deficiency syndrome (SDS) in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) played pivotal roles on the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study was performed to establish and evaluate HCC model in mice with SDS in TCM. Material and Methods: A total of 90 C57BL/6 mice were randomized in six groups (n=15 for each group): A, Control group; B, SDS group; C, orthotopic HCC (OHCC) group; D, OHCC based on SDS (SDS-OHCC) group; E, Druginduced HCC (DHCC) group; F, DHCC based on SDS (SDS-DHCC) group. The SDS model were established by subcutaneous injection of reserpine, followed by the OHCC or DHCC model establishment. The SDS scores, tumor formation rate and survival time were recorded and calculated, as well as the histochemical stain was performed. Results: The SDS scores of mice in Group B, D, F were 17.57±4.86 (

A Multipath Routing Protocol Based on Clustering and Ant Colony Optimization for Wireless Sensor Networks

For monitoring burst events in a kind of reactive wireless sensor networks (WSNs), a multipath routing protocol (MRP) based on dynamic clustering and ant colony optimization (ACO) is proposed. Such an approach can maximize the network lifetime and reduce the energy consumption. An important attribute of WSNs is their limited power supply, and therefore some metrics (such as energy consumption of communication among nodes, residual energy, path length) were considered as very important criteria while designing routing in the MRP. Firstly, a cluster head (CH) is selected among nodes located in the event area according to some parameters, such as residual energy. Secondly, an improved ACO algorithm is applied in the search for multiple paths between the CH and sink node. Finally, the CH dynamically chooses a route to transmit data with a probability that depends on many path metrics, such as energy consumption. The simulation results show that MRP can prolong the network lifetime, as well as balance of energy consumption among nodes and reduce the average energy consumption effectively

Associations between perioperative sleep patterns and clinical outcomes in patients with intracranial tumors: a correlation study

ObjectiveAlthough the quality of perioperative sleep is gaining increasing attention in clinical recovery, its impact role remains unknown and may deserve further exploration. This study aimed to investigate the associations between perioperative sleep patterns and clinical outcomes among patients with intracranial tumors.MethodsA correlation study was conducted in patients with intracranial tumors. Perioperative sleep patterns were assessed using a dedicated sleep monitor for 6 consecutive days. Clinical outcomes were gained through medical records and follow-up. Spearman's correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression analysis were applied to evaluate the associations between perioperative sleep patterns and clinical outcomes.ResultsOf 110 patients, 48 (43.6%) were men, with a median age of 57 years. A total of 618 days of data on perioperative sleep patterns were collected and analyzed. Multiple linear regression models revealed that the preoperative blood glucose was positively related to the preoperative frequency of awakenings (β = 0.125; 95% CI = 0.029–0.221; P = 0.011). The level of post-operative nausea and vomiting was negatively related to perioperative deep sleep time (β = −0.015; 95% CI = −0.027–−0.003; P = 0.015). The level of anxiety and depression was negatively related to perioperative deep sleep time, respectively (β = −0.048; 95% CI = −0.089–0.008; P = 0.020, β = −0.041; 95% CI = −0.076–0.006; P = 0.021). The comprehensive complication index was positively related to the perioperative frequency of awakenings (β = 3.075; 95% CI = 1.080–5.070; P = 0.003). The post-operative length of stay was negatively related to perioperative deep sleep time (β = −0.067; 95% CI = −0.113–0.021; P = 0.005). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was positively related to perioperative sleep onset latency (β = 0.097; 95% CI = 0.044–0.150; P < 0.001) and negatively related to perioperative deep sleep time (β = −0.079; 95% CI = −0.122–0.035; P < 0.001).ConclusionPerioperative sleep patterns are associated with different clinical outcomes. Poor perioperative sleep quality, especially reduced deep sleep time, has a negative impact on clinical outcomes. Clinicians should, therefore, pay more attention to sleep quality and improve it during the perioperative period.Clinical trial registrationhttp://www.chictr.org.cn, identifier: ChiCTR2200059425

The Advantage of Low-Delta Electroencephalogram Phase Feature for Reconstructing the Center-Out Reaching Hand Movements

It is an emerging frontier of research on the use of neural signals for prosthesis control, in order to restore lost function to amputees and patients after spinal cord injury. Compared to the invasive neural signal based brain-machine interface (BMI), a non-invasive alternative, i.e., the electroencephalogram (EEG)-based BMI would be more widely accepted by the patients above. Ideally, a real-time continuous neuroprosthestic control is required for practical applications. However, conventional EEG-based BMIs mainly deal with the discrete brain activity classification. Until recently, the literature has reported several attempts for achieving the real-time continuous control by reconstructing the continuous movement parameters (e.g., speed, position, etc.) from the EEG recordings, and the low-frequency band EEG is consistently reported to encode the continuous motor control information. Previous studies with executed movement tasks have extensively relied on the amplitude representation of such slow oscillations of EEG signals for building models to decode kinematic parameters. Inspired by the recent successes of instantaneous phase of low-frequency invasive brain signals in the motor control and sensory processing domains, this study examines the extension of such a slow-oscillation phase representation to the reconstructing two-dimensional hand movements, with the non-invasive EEG signals for the first time. The data for analysis are collected on five healthy subjects performing 2D hand center-out reaching along four directions in two sessions. On representative channels over the cortices encoding the execution information of reaching movements, we show that the low-delta EEG phase representation is characterized by higher signal-to-noise ratio and stronger modulation by the movement tasks, compared to the low-delta EEG amplitude representation. Furthermore, we have tested the low-delta EEG phase representation with two commonly used linear decoding models. The results demonstrate that the low-delta EEG phase based decoders lead to superior performance for 2D executed movement reconstruction to its amplitude based counterparts, as well as the other-frequency band amplitude and power based features. Thus, our study contributes to improve the movement reconstruction from EEG by introducing a new feature set based on the low-delta EEG phase patterns, and demonstrates its potential for continuous fine motion control of neuroprostheses

Fracture and self-sensing characteristics of super-fine stainless wire reinforced reactive powder concrete

YesSuper-fine stainless wire (SSW) can not only form widely distributed enhancing, toughening and conductive network in reactive powder concrete (RPC) at low dosage level, but also improve weak interface area and refine cracks due to its micron scale diameter and large specific surface. In addition, the crack resistance zone generated by SSWs and RPC matrix together has potential to further enhance the fracture properties of composites. Therefore, fracture and self-sensing characteristics of SSW reinforced RPC composites were investigated in this paper. Experimental results indicated that adding 1.5 vol. % of SSW leads to 183.1% increase in the initial cracking load of RPC specimens under three-point bending load. Based on two parameter fracture model calculations, an increase of 203.4% in fracture toughness as well as an increase of 113.3% in crack tip opening displacement of the composites reinforced with 1.5% SSWs are achieved. According to double-K fracture model calculations, the initiation fracture toughness and unstable fracture toughness of the composites are enhanced by 185.2% and 179.2%, respectively. The increment for fracture energy of the composites reaches up to 1017.1% because of the emergence of blunt and tortuous cracks. The mixed mode Ⅰ-Ⅱ fracture toughness of the composites is increased by 177.1% under four-point shearing load. The initial angle of mixed mode Ⅰ-Ⅱ cracks of the composites decreases with the increase of SSW content. The initiation and propagation of cracks in the composites can be monitored by their change in electrical resistivity. The excellent fracture toughness of the composites is of great significance for the improvement of structure safety in serviceability limit states, and the self-sensing ability of the composites can also provide early warning for the degradation of structure safety.National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFC0705601), the National Science Foundation of China (51578110), China Postdoctoral Science Fundation (2019M651116) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities in China (DUT18GJ203)